Under the attire of Sertão Veredas, the Gerais : 'Mexer com criação' in the Sertão do IBAMA

Orientador: Mauro William Barbosa de AlmeidaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências HumanasResumo: O fulcro desta tese é desvelar as transformações nos usos do território que compuseram 'o Gerais' em Sertão do IBAMA, como nomeio a nova territorialização. Para tanto, apresento a etnografia realizada com o vaqueiro Samuel Borges do Santos, mais conhecido como Samu, no noroeste mineiro, onde foi implantado o Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas. Busco como ponto de partida desta travessia etnográfica responder à seguinte questão: como descrever a dinâmica da relação entre Samu e os gestores do parque, sobre o uso da terra, da forma como é vivida pelo vaqueiro? Samu, como protagonista dessa etnografia, justifica-se por ser ele figura emblemática das transformações ocorridas naquele território: num primeiro momento como agregado de uma fazenda pecuarista, posteriormente proprietário de terra e, atualmente, morador de parque. Diante desse cenário, várias foram as temporalidades descortinadas pelo vaqueiro - temporalidades que se apresentaram imbricadas. A partir do cruzamento dessas temporalidades, desvelou-se um modo de vida regido por uma ética camponesa, bem como o valor econômico e social do 'mexer com criação', que se encerra na homologia entre o vaqueiro e o gado bovino e eqüino. Os tempos de outrora em seu entrelaço com os novos tempos trouxe à luz, ainda, a transferência do modelo de relação que Samu desenvolvia com seus patrões para a sua relação com o IBAMA, como forma de resistência para se manter junto à terra, a despeito das vestes apertadas que revestem 'o Gerais'Abstract: The fulcrum of this thesis is to uncover the changes in the territory that formerly composed formely the 'Gerais' and which became the "Sertão do IBAMA", which is how I call the new territoriality. To this end, I present the ethnography of Samuel Borges dos Santos, a cowherd known as Samu. As the starting point of this ethnographic journey I seek to answer the following question: How to describe the dynamics in the relationship between Samu and the Park managers and their distinct ways of using the land, and how is this relationship experienced by the cowherd? Samu is the protagonist of this ethnography, since he is emblematic of the changes that affected the country: first, as a sharecropper in a cattle farm, then as a landowner, and currently as a Park resident. Against this background, Borges narrative has shown several intertwoven temporalities. The intersection of these temporalities has unveiled a way of life ruled by a peasant ethics as as well as the economic and social values attached to "dealing with cattle" (mexer com criação). These values can be seen in the relationship between the cowherd and the cattle. The old days, in his intertwining with the new times, have also brought to light the transfer of the relationship model that ruled Samu's relationship with his old bosses into his new relationship towards IBAMA. We see this transfer as a form of resistance through which Samu tries to stay in the backlands despite the tight Park clothes that now constrain the 'Gerais'DoutoradoProcessos Sociais, Identidades e Representações do Mundo RuralDoutor em Ciências Sociai

Os tempos no “Gerais” e no “Sertão” – Sobre casa, comida, terra e criação

The aim of this article is to present that the changes in the land use resulting from the implantation of the National Park Grande Sertão Veredas in Minas Gerais reveal times (the previous and the present time). These times reveal the native categories ‘Gerais'/ ‘Sertão'. In order to elucidate this process, I present the ethnography of herdsman Samuel, an emblematic figure of the changes occurred in the land use. My analysis will focus on the description of four points: to which degree the ways of talking and offering food were bridges that brought to light the 'Gerais' meanwhile 'Sertão' was presented, in which sense the house emerged as a symbol of the changes that had occurred, such as transformations included me in an exchange network; and what was the strategy used by the herdsman in his relationship with the managers of the National Park to stay in his land while waiting to indemnification of his propertyO objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que as transformações sobre o uso da terra decorrentes da implantação do Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas em Minas Gerais revelam tempos (de ontem e de hoje) que remetem às categorias nativas “Gerais”/“Sertão”. Para elucidar esse processo, centro-me na etnografia que realizei com o vaqueiro Samuel, figura emblemática das transformações ali ocorridas. Focarei minha análise na descrição de quatro pontos: em que medida as formas de conversar e o oferecimento de comidas eram pontes que traziam à luz o “Gerais” no momento em que o “Sertão” se apresentava; de que maneira a casa se mostrava como símbolo das transformações que ocorreram; como tais transformações me incluíram numa rede de relações de troca; bem como qual foi a estratégia utilizada pelo vaqueiro na sua relação com o “povo do Ibama” para se manter junto à terra enquanto aguardava a indenização

Sob as vestes de sertão veredas, o gerais. A resistência cotidiana no sertão do Ibama

O fulcro deste artigo é refletir sobre a dinâmica da relação entre o vaqueiro Samuel Borges dos Santos e os gestores do Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas. O pano de fundo são as transformações nos usos da terra que compuseram o 'Gerais' em 'Sertão'. Meu objetivo é elucidar que o vaqueiro Samuel transportava o modelo de relação que desenvolvera com seu ex-patrão para sua relação com os gestores do parque enquanto esperava pela indenização de sua propriedade. Como forma de resistência, compreendida aqui como "arma dos fracos", o vaqueiro agiu desta forma durante 21 anos para se manter junto a terra, a despeito da legislação ambiental

Nas entrelinhas da história, memória e gênero. Lembranças da Fazenda Jatahy.

This study presents the remembrances of female and male coffee-farm workers from the Jatahy Farm, located at the Luiz Antonio County, Northeastern region of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The Jatahy Farm was a property that along the 20th century had been through several manners of seizure; from 1925 to 1959 the farm was bought by the Companhia Mogiana de Estradas de Ferro, that extinguished the coffee plantation and in its place had started the pines and eucalyptus cultivation. In 1959 the Jatahy Farm had became a São Paulo State property and most of its area was turned into an experimental station focused on its local forest studies, resulting nowadays on an ecological station in which scientific researches and assisted environmental education are the only activities allowed. Although, thanks the seizure changes coffee farm to railway company property and then to a conservation area the working offers decreased and the Jatahy Farm s residents established out there since the time of coffee cultivation, soon by soon started leaving the place they used to live in. However, the multiplicity of meanings applied to the Jatahy Farm at the present, resulting from the effort on its conservation, are centered most on the sociability experienced in the past, when Jatahy Farm was a coffee farm. From that point on, this study is due to rebuild the collective memory of female and male Jatahy Farm s coffee workers, understanding Work in its multiple dimensions the work experienced in public and private circles as an analytical category, as way as Memory, Gender and, specifically, the Patriarchy concept. Consequently, this dissertation aims to discuss the gender differences existing on female and male memories, also considering the tenant farmers experiences as Italian immigrants. Reconstructing their life experiences throughout the Work as an analytical category is faced here as the ground zero for understanding sociabilities, representations and the multiplicity of meanings conferred to individual and collective life. Furthermore, the Gender category allows taking work, history and female opposed-power out off the invisibility, exploring the Patriarchy constructing and reconstructing process throughout time and, for that reason, its a-historical character. The time cut selected (1925-1959) is intended to include the periods in which Jatahy Farm was both a coffee farm and a Companhia Mogiana Railway property. The adopted research method was Oral History, by the possibilities it offers on registering and understanding remembrances, combined to other kinds of documents. The dialogue established amongst the variety of sources, oral and written, enhanced the relations on memory and history, which was focused on the local and regional historiography. The reconstruction of tenant farmers collective memory was also possible thanks to photographic sources, understood as a support for memories and the elaboration of affective maps by the deponents.Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisEste estudo analisa as lembranças de trabalhadoras e trabalhadores de uma antiga fazenda cafeeira do Nordeste Paulista, a Fazenda Jatahy, município de Luiz Antônio/SP. Esta fazenda passou por diferentes formas de apropriação da terra ao longo do século XX. Primeiramente, de 1925 a 1945, foi uma importante fazenda cafeeira do nordeste paulista. Posteriormente, de 1945 a 1959, foi comprada pela Companhia Mogiana de Estradas de Ferro, que substituiu o cultivo do café pelos de pinos e eucaliptos. Em 1959, esta área passou a ser gerida pelo Governo do Estado de São Paulo, que a transformou em uma estação experimental, intensificando a silvicultura. Atualmente, grande parte da área da antiga fazenda é uma estação ecológica estadual, onde apenas são permitidas as pesquisas científicas e atividades de educação ambiental monitoradas. Após essas diferentes formas de apropriação da terra fazenda cafeeira, estrada de ferro e, atualmente, área de preservação estadual os moradores e moradoras, que ali viviam à época do café, aos poucos abandonaram a área em virtude da diminuição da oferta de trabalho. Entretanto, as (re)significações da atual área de preservação centram-se, sobretudo, na sociabilidade de outrora, quando a área era uma fazenda cafeeira. A partir desta constatação, objetivou-se reconstruir a memória coletiva desses trabalhadores e trabalhadoras. Utilizam-se como categorias de análise o trabalho, compreendido em suas múltiplas dimensões o trabalho nas esferas pública e privada , a memória e o gênero, especificamente o patriarcado. Por conseguinte, visa-se a elencar as diferenças de gênero existentes na memória feminina e na masculina. A reconstrução das experiências dessas colonas e colonos por meio do trabalho é o ponto central para a compreensão da sociabilidade, das representações e das múltiplas (re)significações da vida individual e coletiva. Ademais, o crivo de gênero permite retirar da invisibilidade o trabalho, a história e o contra-poder femininos, analisando as construções e (re)construções do patriarcado, desmistificando, assim, seu caráter a-histórico. O recorte temporal abrange o período da fazenda cafeeira e da Companhia Mogiana (1925 a 1959). A metodologia utilizada é a história oral, que permitiu registrar tais lembranças. Somada a ela, fontes documentais foram utilizadas. O diálogo entre as fontes oral e escrita possibilitou realizar a relação entre memória e história, centrando-se, entretanto, na historiografia local e regional. A reconstrução da memória coletiva desses colonos e colonas edificou-se ainda por meio de fontes iconográficas, concebidas como detonadoras de lembranças, e de mapas afetivos

"Delirium Day": A nationwide point prevalence study of delirium in older hospitalized patients using an easy standardized diagnostic tool

Background: To date, delirium prevalence in adult acute hospital populations has been estimated generally from pooled findings of single-center studies and/or among specific patient populations. Furthermore, the number of participants in these studies has not exceeded a few hundred. To overcome these limitations, we have determined, in a multicenter study, the prevalence of delirium over a single day among a large population of patients admitted to acute and rehabilitation hospital wards in Italy. Methods: This is a point prevalence study (called "Delirium Day") including 1867 older patients (aged 65 years or more) across 108 acute and 12 rehabilitation wards in Italian hospitals. Delirium was assessed on the same day in all patients using the 4AT, a validated and briefly administered tool which does not require training. We also collected data regarding motoric subtypes of delirium, functional and nutritional status, dementia, comorbidity, medications, feeding tubes, peripheral venous and urinary catheters, and physical restraints. Results: The mean sample age was 82.0 ± 7.5 years (58 % female). Overall, 429 patients (22.9 %) had delirium. Hypoactive was the commonest subtype (132/344 patients, 38.5 %), followed by mixed, hyperactive, and nonmotoric delirium. The prevalence was highest in Neurology (28.5 %) and Geriatrics (24.7 %), lowest in Rehabilitation (14.0 %), and intermediate in Orthopedic (20.6 %) and Internal Medicine wards (21.4 %). In a multivariable logistic regression, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.05), Activities of Daily Living dependence (OR 1.19, 95 % CI 1.12-1.27), dementia (OR 3.25, 95 % CI 2.41-4.38), malnutrition (OR 2.01, 95 % CI 1.29-3.14), and use of antipsychotics (OR 2.03, 95 % CI 1.45-2.82), feeding tubes (OR 2.51, 95 % CI 1.11-5.66), peripheral venous catheters (OR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.06-1.87), urinary catheters (OR 1.73, 95 % CI 1.30-2.29), and physical restraints (OR 1.84, 95 % CI 1.40-2.40) were associated with delirium. Admission to Neurology wards was also associated with delirium (OR 2.00, 95 % CI 1.29-3.14), while admission to other settings was not. Conclusions: Delirium occurred in more than one out of five patients in acute and rehabilitation hospital wards. Prevalence was highest in Neurology and lowest in Rehabilitation divisions. The "Delirium Day" project might become a useful method to assess delirium across hospital settings and a benchmarking platform for future surveys

Understanding Factors Associated With Psychomotor Subtypes of Delirium in Older Inpatients With Dementia

Objectives: Few studies have analyzed factors associated with delirium subtypes. In this study, we investigate factors associated with subtypes of delirium only in patients with dementia to provide insights on the possible prevention and treatments. Design: This is a cross-sectional study nested in the \u201cDelirium Day\u201d study, a nationwide Italian point-prevalence study. Setting and Participants: Older patients admitted to 205 acute and 92 rehabilitation hospital wards. Measures: Delirium was evaluated with the 4-AT and the motor subtypes with the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale. Dementia was defined by the presence of a documented diagnosis in the medical records and/or prescription of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine prior to admission. Results: Of the 1057 patients with dementia, 35% had delirium, with 25.6% hyperactive, 33.1% hypoactive, 34.5% mixed, and 6.7% nonmotor subtype. There were higher odds of having venous catheters in the hypoactive (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.18-2.81) and mixed type of delirium (OR 2.23, CI 1.43-3.46), whereas higher odds of urinary catheters in the hypoactive (OR 2.91, CI 1.92-4.39), hyperactive (OR 1.99, CI 1.23-3.21), and mixed types of delirium (OR 2.05, CI 1.36-3.07). We found higher odds of antipsychotics both in the hyperactive (OR 2.87, CI 1.81-4.54) and mixed subtype (OR 1.84, CI 1.24-2.75), whereas higher odds of antibiotics was present only in the mixed subtype (OR 1.91, CI 1.26-2.87). Conclusions and Implications: In patients with dementia, the mixed delirium subtype is the most prevalent followed by the hypoactive, hyperactive, and nonmotor subtype. Motor subtypes of delirium may be triggered by clinical factors, including the use of venous and urinary catheters, and the use of antipsychotics. Future studies are necessary to provide further insights on the possible pathophysiology of delirium in patients with dementia and to address the optimization of the management of potential risk factors

Drug Prescription and Delirium in Older Inpatients: Results From the Nationwide Multicenter Italian Delirium Day 2015-2016

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between polypharmacy and delirium, the association of specific drug categories with delirium, and the differences in drug-delirium association between medical and surgical units and according to dementia diagnosis. Methods: Data were collected during 2 waves of Delirium Day, a multicenter delirium prevalence study including patients (aged 65 years or older) admitted to acute and long-term care wards in Italy (2015-2016); in this study, only patients enrolled in acute hospital wards were selected (n = 4,133). Delirium was assessed according to score on the 4 "A's" Test. Prescriptions were classified by main drug categories; polypharmacy was defined as a prescription of drugs from 5 or more classes. Results: Of 4,133 participants, 969 (23.4%) had delirium. The general prevalence of polypharmacy was higher in patients with delirium (67.6% vs 63.0%, P =.009) but varied according to clinical settings. After adjustment for confounders, polypharmacy was associated with delirium only in patients admitted to surgical units (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4-6.1). Insulin, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and atypical antidepressants were associated with delirium, whereas statins and angiotensin receptor blockers exhibited an inverse association. A stronger association was seen between typical and atypical antipsychotics and delirium in subjects free from dementia compared to individuals with dementia (typical: OR = 4.31; 95% CI, 2.94-6.31 without dementia vs OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.19-2.26 with dementia; atypical: OR = 5.32; 95% CI, 3.44-8.22 without dementia vs OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.40 with dementia). The absence of antipsychotics among the prescribed drugs was inversely associated with delirium in the whole sample and in both of the hospital settings, but only in patients without dementia. Conclusions: Polypharmacy is significantly associated with delirium only in surgical units, raising the issue of the relevance of medication review in different clinical settings. Specific drug classes are associated with delirium depending on the clinical setting and dementia diagnosis, suggesting the need to further explore this relationship