9,237 research outputs found
Interstellar filaments and star formation
Recent studies of the nearest star-forming clouds of the Galaxy at
submillimeter wavelengths with the Herschel Space Observatory have provided us
with unprecedented images of the initial conditions and early phases of the
star formation process. The Herschel images reveal an intricate network of
filamentary structure in every interstellar cloud. These filaments all exhibit
remarkably similar widths - about a tenth of a parsec - but only the densest
ones contain prestellar cores, the seeds of future stars. The Herschel results
favor a scenario in which interstellar filaments and prestellar cores represent
two key steps in the star formation process: first turbulence stirs up the gas,
giving rise to a universal web-like structure in the interstellar medium, then
gravity takes over and controls the further fragmentation of filaments into
prestellar cores and ultimately protostars. This scenario provides new insight
into the origin of stellar masses and the star formation efficiency in the
dense molecular gas of galaxies. Despite an apparent complexity, global star
formation may be governed by relatively simple universal laws from filament to
galactic scales.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures. Invited review accepted for publication in C.
R. Geoscience (2017): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2017.07.00
The lower limits of disc fragmentation and the prospects for observing fragmenting discs
A large fraction of brown dwarfs and low-mass H-burning stars may form by gravitational fragmentation of protostellar discs. We explore the conditions for disc fragmentation and we find that they are satisfied when a disc is large enough (>100 AU) so that its outer regions can cool efficiently, and it has enough mass to be gravitationally unstable, at such radii. We perform radiative hydrodynamic simulations and show that even a disc with mass 0.25 Msun and size 100 AU fragments. The disc mass, radius, and the ratio of disc-to-star mass (Mdisc/Mstar~0.36) are smaller than in previous studies. We find that fragmenting discs decrease in mass and size within a few 10^4 yr of their formation, since a fraction of their mass, especially outside 100 AU is consumed by the new stars and brown dwarfs that form. Fragmenting discs end up with masses ~0.001-0.1 Msun, and sizes ~20-100 AU. On the other hand, discs that are marginally stable live much longer. We produce simulated images of fragmenting discs and find that observing discs that are undergoing fragmentation is possible using current (e.g. IRAM-PdBI) and future (e.g. ALMA) interferometers, but highly improbable due to the short duration of this process. Comparison with observations shows that many observed discs may be remnants of discs that have fragmented at an earlier stage. However, there are only a few candidates that are possibly massive and large enough to currently be gravitationally unstable. The rarity of massive (>0.2 Msun), extended (>100 AU) discs indicates either that such discs are highly transient (i.e. form, increase in mass becoming gravitationally unstable due to infall of material from the surrounding envelope, and quickly fragment), or that their formation is suppressed (e.g. by magnetic fields). We conclude that current observations of early-stage discs cannot exclude the mechanism of disc fragmentation
Further Evidence on Debt-Equity Choice
Using a large sample of 5,365 European firms,we document the driving factors of debt-equity choices. Adjustments to a target debt level play a modest role except when debt exceeds an upper barrier, a result that underlines the importance of debt capacity. Preference for internal financing, leverage deficit prior to equity issues, as well as a high level of slack of firms seeking to reduce equity constitute further evidence in favor of pecking order models. It is also found that managers try to time the market by issuing shares when returns are high, but that there is a link between financing and investment activities as predicted by agency models.Dynamic capital structure; Debt-equity choice; Tradeoff models; Pecking order models
The effect of ambipolar diffusion on low-density molecular ISM filaments
The filamentary structure of the molecular interstellar medium and the
potential link of this morphology to star formation have been brought into
focus recently by high resolution observational surveys. An especially puzzling
matter is that local interstellar filaments appear to have the same thickness,
independent of their column density. This requires a theoretical understanding
of their formation process and the physics that governs their evolution. In
this work we explore a scenario in which filaments are dissipative structures
of the large-scale interstellar turbulence cascade and ion-neutral friction
(also called ambipolar diffusion) is affecting their sizes by preventing
small-scale compressions. We employ high-resolution, 3D MHD simulations,
performed with the grid code RAMSES, to investigate non-ideal MHD turbulence as
a filament formation mechanism. We focus the analysis on the mass and thickness
distributions of the resulting filamentary structures. Simulations of both
driven and decaying MHD turbulence show that the morphologies of the density
and the magnetic field are different when ambipolar diffusion is included in
the models. In particular, the densest structures are broader and more massive
as an effect of ion-neutral friction and the power spectra of both the velocity
and the density steepen at a smaller wavenumber. The comparison between ideal
and non-ideal MHD simulations shows that ambipolar diffusion causes a shift of
the filament thickness distribution towards higher values. However, none of the
distributions exhibit the pronounced peak found in the observed local
filaments. Limitations in dynamical range and the absence of self-gravity in
these numerical experiments do not allow us to conclude at this time whether
this is due to the different filament selection or due to the physics inherent
of the filament formation.Comment: A&A accepte
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