A multi-sectoral approach to the U.S. Great Depression

We document sectoral differences in changes in output, hours worked, prices, and nominal wages in the United States during the Great Depression. We explore whether contractionary monetary shocks combined with different degrees of nominal wage frictions across sectors are consistent with both sectoral as well as aggregate facts. To do so, we construct a two-sector model where goods from each sector are used as intermediates to produce the sectoral goods that in turn produce final output. One sector is assumed to have flexible nominal wages, while nominal wages in the other sector are set using Taylor contracts. We calibrate the model to the U.S. economy in 1929, and then feed in monetary shocks estimated from the data. We find that while the model can qualitatively replicate the key sectoral facts, it can account for less than a third of the decline in aggregate output. This decline in output is roughly half as large as the one implied by a one-sector model. Alternatively, if wages are set using Calvo-type contracts, the decline in output is even smaller.Depressions ; Wages ; Prices

Pemanfaatan Sampah Daun Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia Crassipes) Menjadi Bioetanol Dengan Proses Fermentasi Sebagai Solusi Energi Alternatif

Water hyacinth actually contains lignocellulose, while cellulose is a material for making paper, in addition to the content of cellulose, water hyacinth can also be used as materials for current bioethanol are necessary to address the decline of world oil production. Utilization of water hyacinth leaves of Swamp Dizziness aims to pile reduce and solids sediment as farmers or craftsmen utilizing water hyacinth rod as materials for furniture, where the leaves are directly discharged into the swamp so that will be a factor causing the silting marsh. Process manufacture of bioethanol through Phase Pretreatment (smoothing, filtering, hydrolysis (HCl 7%), heating and neutralization (NaOH 7%)), fermentation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Distillation. Water hyacinth leaf litter samples containing ethanol after fermentation by yeast through the tape with a variety of yeast and fermentation time different levels of bioethanol produced after distillation to variations in the amount of yeast / yeast and fermentation duration variation sesbesar 41.07% in 9 days time variations with variations 20 grams of yeast, From the obtained results it can be concluded that the presence of variations in the number and length of fermentation yeast affect the levels of bioethanol produced. Elevated levels Best bioethanol fermentation occurs in 5-10 days with yeast added is 5% of the sample volume

Viabilidade de plantio de café na Zona da Mata mineira.

Até meados do século 20, o café foi o principal produto da economia brasileira e, graças ao capital acumulado com esse grão, foi possível financiar as primeiras iniciativas industriais. Atualmente, o Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de café. Nos anos de 2010 e 2011, verificou-se uma queda na oferta do grão, ocasionada pelo desestímulo à oferta (preços baixos) e por problemas em outros países produtores (Colômbia e alguns países da América Central). A queda acentuada da oferta e a valorização do grão propiciaram maior rentabilidade aos produtores. Consideradas as características do mercado de café, espera-se que a valorização estimule a oferta até que um novo preço de equilíbrio seja estabelecido. Além disso, como a produção nacional tem crescido, não em área, mas em produtividade, torna-se relevante analisar qual espaçamento de plantio proporciona maior retorno e suporta mais os riscos de variação de preços das principais variáveis de interesse. Para isso, foram utilizados indicadores de viabilidade econômica, além de análise de risco, por meio da ?análise de sensibilidade? e da ?simulação de Monte Carlo?. Os resultados apontaram para o espaçamento adensado, com 5 mil plantas por hectare, como o mais viável do ponto de vista econômico, por apresentar maior TIR nos vários cenários analisados

National industry cluster templates and the structure of industry output dynamics: a stochastic geometry approach

Cluster analysis has been widely used in an Input-Output framework, with the main objective of uncover the structure of production, in order to better identify which sectors are strongly connected with each other and choose the key sectors of a national or regional economy. There are many empirical studies determining potential clusters from interindustry flows directly, or from their corresponding technical (demand) or market (supply) coefficients, most of them applying multivariate statistical techniques. In this paper, after identifying clusters this way, and since it may be expected that strongly (interindustry) connected sectors share a similar growth and development path, the structure of sectoral dynamics is uncovered, by means of a stochastic geometry technique based on the correlations of industry outputs in a given period of time. An application is made, using Portuguese input-output data, and the results do not clearly support this expectation.Clusters, Input-output analysis, Industry output dynamics

Higher-Derivative Two-Dimensional Massive Fermion Theories

We consider the canonical quantization of a generalized two-dimensional massive fermion theory containing higher odd-order derivatives. The requirements of Lorentz invariance, hermiticity of the Hamiltonian and absence of tachyon excitations suffice to fix the mass term, which contains a derivative coupling. We show that the basic quantum excitations of a higher-derivative theory of order 2N+1 consist of a physical usual massive fermion, quantized with positive metric, plus 2N unphysical massless fermions, quantized with opposite metrics. The positive metric Hilbert subspace, which is isomorphic to the space of states of a massive free fermion theory, is selected by a subsidiary-like condition. Employing the standard bosonization scheme, the equivalent boson theory is derived. The results obtained are used as a guideline to discuss the solution of a theory including a current-current interaction.Comment: 23 pages, Late

Ciencias sociais como metodologia do ensino de currículos CTS

O diálogo entre Ciências Sociais e Ciências da Natureza na abordagem de currículos CTS ainda é muito tímido em publicações sobre Educação em Ciências. Neste trabalho são apresentados referenciais de contexto, no âmbito da história social da Ciência e da Tecnologia, que podem contribuir para uma metodologia de ensino mais ampla e crítica sobre os determinantes e as contradições do processo de evolução da C&T. Dentre os referenciais dos resultados identificamos: controle social, político, econômico, ético e de gestão e mercado da C&T. Esses são alguns dos elementos essenciais das Ciências Sociais para uma educação CTS de pensar complexo para orientar as necessidades sociais relacionadas à C&T em uma sociedade em transformação