POTENSI EKSTRAK RUMPUT LAUT COKLAT (Sargassumprismaticum) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS SUPEROKSIDA DISMUTASE (SOD) DAN GAMBARAN HISTOLOGI JARINGAN HEPAR PADA TIKUS (Rattus norvegicus) DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 1

The aim of this research was to investigate the ability of brown seaweed (Sargassum prismaticum) extract that can increase the activity of SOD and improvement of hepar tissue on rats Rattus norvegicus type 1 diabetes mellitus the results of multiple low dose-streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induction with 20 mg/kg (bw) dose for 5 consecutive days. As many as 24 rats were devided into 6 groups of 4 each tail. Group treatments were the group of control, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and type 1 diabetes mellitus that given by therapy of Sargassum prismaticum extract orally with variations of given therapy on the different  days to 1, 3, 5, and 7. SOD activity were measured by Elisa Reader Kit on the wavelength at 450 nm and histology description with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results of this research obtained that SOD activity after given by Sargassum prismaticum extract have been raised and the results as follow as 53,80 (unit/mL), 63,78 (unit/mL), 73,67 (unit/mL), 83,85 (unit/mL). Sargassum prismaticum therapy can fixed the damage of DM type 1 hepar tissue on rats that have been induction by MLD-STZ. Keyword : Diabetes Mellitus, Hepar, Histology, SO

Potensi Pertumbuhan Meranti di Areal Bekas Tebangan dengan Sistem Silvikultur Tebang Pilih Tanam Jalur (Tptj) di PT. Suka Jaya Makmur Kabupaten Ketapang Kalimantan Barat

The purpose of this study was to determine the increments of the diameter and height of the annual average of Red Meranti trees at different age intervals through the use of silvicultural Selective Cutting and Line Planting (TPTJ) carried out in the logged area of PT . Suka Jaya Makmur in Ketapang Regency of West Kalimantan. The research method applied was a single- plot method that is a method with a sampling plot representing every logged age by measuring the plants diameters and heights in the lane of the logged area of TPTJ line, and the sampling applied was purporsive sampling. The increments of the average diameter growth of Shorea johorensis species in planting forests were smaller than Shorea leprosula and Shorea Shorea parvifolia. Whereas there was no decline or incline in the diameter of that species in the natural forest that was staying in the same value at 0.59 cm/year. The average increments of the diameters of Shorea leprosula, Shorea johorensis, and Shorea parvifolia were 2.23 cm/year, 1.79 cm/year and 1.81 m/year respectively. Moreover, the height average increments of Shorea leprosula in the planting forest was 2,39 m/year and 0,53/year in the natural forest. The average increase in height of Shorea johorensis in planting forest was 1,93 m/year and 0,50 m/year in the natural forest, while for Shorea parvifolia species, there was an average increment of height of 1,92 m/year in planting forest and 0,58 m/year in the natural forest. Keywords: S. johorensis, S. leprosula, S. parvifolia, diameter increment and height incremen

Corporate Governance dan Relevansi Nilai Dari Penghindaran Pajak: Bukti Empiris Dari Pasar Modal Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan memberikan bukti empiris tentang pengaruh penghindaran pajak dan karakteristik perusahaan terhadap relevansi nilai, serta peran corporate governance dalam mempengaruhi penghindaran pajak terhadap relevansi nilai. Pengujian ini dilakukan pada 142 perusahaan publik yang tecatat pada Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2012-2014 dengan menggunakan teknik analisi Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penghindaran pajak berpengaruh positif terhadap relevansi nilai. Karakteristik perusahaan berpengaruh negatif terhadap relevansi nilai. Serta corporate governance secara signifikan mengurangi pengaruh penghindaran pajak terhadap relevansi nilai. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi yang luas mengenai agency problem yang digambarkan melalui tindakan penghindaran pajak perusahaan, serta signalling theory yang digambarkan dengan peningkatan relevansi nilai perusahaan. Penelitian ini juga memberikan implikasi kepada manajemen sebagai pengelola perusahaan agar lebih transparan dalam menyediakan informasi perusahaan dan mengoptimalkan penerapan mekanisme corporate governance untuk dapat menyajikan informasi keuangan yang berkualitas. Investor dalam melakukan kebijakan investasi tidak hanya melihat kemampuan perusahaan dalam menghasilkan laba, namun juga harus mempertimbangan peran krusial good corporate governance sebagai mekanisme kontrol terhadap perilaku oportunistik manajer. Terakhir, penelitian ini dapat memberikan implikasi bagi pihak regulator, khususnya kantor pajak untuk membuat regulasi yang lebih relevan dalam fungsi pengawasan dan dalam memeriksa pajak perusahaan agar penerimaan negara yang bersumber dari pajak dapat dioptimalkan

Relativistic ejecta from XRF 060218 and the rate of cosmic explosions

Over the last decade, long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) including the subclass of X-ray flashes (XRFs) have been revealed to be a rare variety of Type Ibc supernova (SN). While all these events result from the death of massive stars, the electromagnetic luminosities of GRBs and XRFs exceed those of ordinary Type Ibc SNe by many orders of magnitude. The essential physical process that causes a dying star to produce a GRB or XRF, and not just an SN, remains the crucial open question. Here we present radio and X-ray observations of XRF 060218 (associated with SN 2006aj), the second nearest GRB identified to-date, which allow us to measure its total energy and place it in the larger context of cosmic explosions. We show that this event is 100 times less energetic but ten times more common than cosmological GRBs. Moreover, it is distinguished from ordinary Type Ibc SNe by the presence of 10^48 erg coupled to mildly-relativistic ejecta, along with a central engine (an accretion-fed, rapidly rotating compact source) which produces X-rays for weeks after the explosion. This suggests that the production of relativistic ejecta is the key physical distinction between GRBs/XRFs and ordinary SNe, while the nature of the central engine (black hole or magnetar) may distinguish typical bursts from low-luminosity, spherical events like XRF 060218.Comment: To appear in Nature on August 31 2006 (15 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, including Supplementary Information

A contemporaneous infrared flash from a long gamma-ray burst: an echo from the central engine

The explosion that results in a cosmic gamma-ray burst (GRB) is thought to produce emission from two physical processes -- the activity of the central engine gives rise to the high-energy emission of the burst through internal shocking and the subsequent interaction of the flow with the external environment produces long-wavelength afterglow. While afterglow observations continue to refine our understanding of GRB progenitors and relativistic shocks, gamma-ray observations alone have not yielded a clear picture of the origin of the prompt emission nor details of the central engine. Only one concurrent visible-light transient has been found and was associated with emission from an external shock. Here we report the discovery of infrared (IR) emission contemporaneous with a GRB, beginning 7.2 minutes after the onset of GRB 041219a. Our robotic telescope acquired 21 images during the active phase of the burst, yielding the earliest multi-colour observations of any long-wavelength emission associated with a GRB. Analysis of an initial IR pulse suggests an origin consistent with internal shocks. This opens a new possibility to study the central engine of GRBs with ground-based observations at long wavelengths.Comment: Accepted to Nature on March 1, 2005. 9 pages, 4 figures, nature12.cls and nature1.cls files included. This paper is under press embargo until print publicatio

The sub-energetic GRB 031203 as a cosmic analogue to GRB 980425

Over the six years since the discovery of the gamma-ray burst GRB 980425, associated with the nearby (distance, ~40 Mpc) supernova 1998bw, astronomers have fiercely debated the nature of this event. Relative to bursts located at cosmological distances, (redshift, z~1), GRB 980425 was under-luminous in gamma-rays by three orders of magnitude. Radio calorimetry showed the explosion was sub-energetic by a factor of 10. Here, we report observations of the radio and X-ray afterglow of the recent z=0.105 GRB 031203 and demonstrate that it too is sub-energetic. Our result, when taken together with the low gamma-ray luminosity, suggest that GRB 031203 is the first cosmic analogue to GRB 980425. We find no evidence that this event was a highly collimated explosion viewed off-axis. Like GRB 980425, GRB 031203 appears to be an intrinsically sub-energetic gamma-ray burst. Such sub-energetic events have faint afterglows. Intensive follow-up of faint bursts with smooth gamma-ray light curves (common to both GRBs 031203 and 980425) may enable us to reveal their expected large population.Comment: To Appear in Nature, August 5, 200

5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 located on the mitochondrial membrane and functionally regulated mitochondrial functions

5-HT has been reported to possess significant effects on cardiac activities, but activation of 5-HTR on the cell membrane failed to illustrate the controversial cardiac reaction. Because 5-HT constantly comes across the cell membrane via 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) into the cytoplasm, whether 5-HTR is functional present on the cellular organelles is unknown. Here we show 5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 were located in cardiac mitochondria, and regulated mitochondrial activities and cellular functions. Knock down 5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 in neonatal cardiomyocytes resulted in significant increase of cell damage in response to hypoxia, and also led to alternation in heart beating. Activation of 5-HTR4 attenuated mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake under the both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, whereas 5-HTR3 augmented Ca2+ uptake only under hypoxia. 5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 exerted the opposite effects on the mitochondrial respiration: 5-HTR3 increased RCR (respiration control ratio), but 5-HTR4 reduced RCR. Moreover, activation of 5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 both significantly inhibited the opening of mPTP. Our results provided the first evidence that 5-HTR as a GPCR and an ion channel, functionally expressed in mitochondria and participated in the mitochondria function and regulation to maintain homeostasis of mitochondrial [Ca2+], ROS, and ATP generation efficiency in cardiomyocytes in response to stress and O2 tension

PRESERVE: Randomized Trial of Intensive Versus Standard Blood Pressure Control in Small Vessel Disease.

Background and Purpose: In cerebral small vessel disease, cerebral blood flow and autoregulation are impaired and therefore excessive blood pressure reduction could possibly accelerate white matter damage and worsen outcome. The trial determined, in severe symptomatic cerebral small vessel disease, whether intensive blood pressure lowering resulted in progression of white matter damage assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. Methods: Randomized, parallel, multicenter controlled, blinded-outcomes clinical trial. One hundred eleven participants with magnetic resonance imaging confirmed symptomatic lacunar infarct and confluent white matter hyperintensities and were recruited and randomized to standard (systolic=130–140 mmHg) (N=56) or intensive (systolic<125 mmHg) (N=55) blood pressure targets. The primary end point was change in diffusion tensor imaging white matter mean diffusivity peak height between baseline and 24 months. Secondary end points were other magnetic resonance imaging markers and cognition. Results: Patients were mean 68 years and 60% male. Mean (SD) blood pressure reduced by −15.3 (15.4) and −23.1 (22.04) mm Hg in the standard/intensive groups, respectively (P<0.001). There was no difference between treatment groups for the primary end point: standard, adjusted mean (SE)=12.5×10−3 (0.2×10−3); intensive, 12.5×10−3 (0.2×10−3), P=0.92. In the whole population over 24 months follow-up, there was a significant deterioration in white matter microstructure but no detectable decrease in cognition. Conclusions: Intensive blood pressure lowering in severe cerebral small vessel disease was not associated with progression of white matter damage on diffusion tensor imaging or magnetic resonance imaging. In a multicentre study setting over 2 years, multimodal diffusion tensor imaging-magnetic resonance imaging was more sensitive to detecting change than cognitive testing