Redemocratização e espaço público em Porto Alegre: o projeto espaço urbano espaço arte

O artigo discorre sobre o projeto de arte pública Espaço Urbano Espaço Arte, que ocorreu em Porto Alegre após a redemocratização do país, com o retorno das eleições diretas para prefeito das capitais dos estados, em 1985. A característica que marcou a arte pública da capital do Rio Grande do Sul com a redemocratizaçãodo país foi a presença no espaço urbano da arte contemporânea, por meio de concursos abertos aos artistas, como forma de dotar a paisagem urbana de status cultural e para propiciar o acesso à população às novas linguagens artísticas.The article discusses the public art project Urban Space / Art Space, that was carried out in the city of Porto Alegre following the democratization of the country, with the return of democractic elections for mayor of the state capitals in 1985. The characteristic that marked the public art in the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, with the democratization of the country, was the presence of contemporary art in the urban space, by open calls to artists, in order to provide the urban landscape the cultural status and providing access to new artistic languages to the population

Porto Alegre (Brazil) in the 1970s: Authoritarian State and Abstraction in Public Space

Durante los años 1960 y 1970, varios países de América del Sur pasaron por devastadores regímenes militares. Contaron con el apoyo - si no organizados – de los Estados Unidos como una forma de evitar una influencia cada vez mayor de izquierda en el continente y una posible "reestructuración" de las naciones como con el bloque soviético. Las principales dictaduras en América Latina fueron en Brasil, Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. El 31 de marzo de 1964, Brasil profundizó en la dictadura militar, que duró más de veinte años, el régimen de dictadura más largo del continente. En ese momento, bajo la presidencia de João Goulart (elegido como vicepresidente en 1960 y que había jurado como presidente cuando el presidente Janio Quadros renunció al año siguiente). El gobierno de Goulart fue tumultuoso y seguido por la inestabilidad política debido, principalmente, a las medidas que quería poner en acción en el país, así como por el ambiente más bien conservador que ofreció gran resistencia a sus políticas. Cuando el presidente Janio Quadros renunció en agosto de 1961, João Goulart estaba en una misión diplomática en Chinae. Las fuerzas militares y los miembros conservadores del Congreso le impidió tomar juramento y casi se produce una guerra civil espoleada por sectores deseosos de garantías para que se les permitiera ganar la presidencia. Goulart se ratifica en sus posturas, y es elegido presidente gracias a un movimiento popular, que tuvo lugar en la ciudad de Porto Alegre, en el sur de Brasil. En este momento, el golpe de Estado no pasó de intentona ... João Goulart era un campesino rico del estado de Rio Grande do Sul y fue el mayor líder de una facción llamada "Trabalhismo" (bajo el Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro), de atractivo popular y con un importante apoyo de la clase del trabajadora. Su política, de "inspiración comunista", según la oposición, no era más que medidas populares de una matriz social-demócrata. Goulart utiliza para llamar a sus propuestas de "Reformas de Base", es decir: de la Reforma Educativa (desde la lucha contra la literalidad de los cambios en el sistema de educación superior); Reforma Tributaria (con un mayor control del envío de las reservas en el extranjero); Reforma Electoral ( derecho a votar por analfabetos y los militares de rangos inferiores); Reforma Agraria (des-apropiación de tierras no productivas); Reforma Urbana. En 31 de marzo de 1964, el golpe de Estado, se convertiría en una realidad y el presidente João Goulart fue depuesto y enviado al exilio. Los militares (Ejército, Armada y Fuerza Aérea) ocupan el gobierno. Durante unos días, el presidente del Congreso tomó la presidencia y una gran cantidad de dirigentes políticos y sindicales, funcionarios públicos, miembros de las fuerzas armadas, fueron retirados de las oficinas y exiliados. Una elección presidencial indirecta se realizó con el apoyo de un Congreso sumiso que pone en la presidencia al mariscal Castello Branco (1964-1967). Un gobierno autoritario se puso en marcha. Sin embargo, en 1968, forzado por la resistencia democrática en el segundo escalafón militar, bajo la presidencia del mariscal Costa e Silva (1967-1969), la dictadura militar se vio agravada y tomó la forma del terrorismo de Estado con la cárcel clandestina, la tortura, el asesinato de líderes de la oposición, la cultura y la censura de prensa sin precedentes. Por eso, parte de la resistencia a los militares optaron por la lucha de guerrillas organizadas en regiones distantes de los centros urbanos. Este período de la dictadura militar brasileña, correspondiente a los años de 1968 a 1974 (al final de la dictadura presidente general Emilio Médici), llegó a ser conocido como los "Años de Plomo", debido al gran número de actos terroristas perpetrados por el Estado. Acerca de los aspectos económicos, en el mismo período el país pasó por lo que se conoce el "milagro económico". Con un superávit extraordinario de la economía, hasta el 10% al año (principalmente debido a la entrada de capital extranjero). La mejor herencia sin embargo de tal "milagro", que no duró toda la década siguiente fue el déficit público (Deuda externa) y las tasas de inflación sin precedentes, así como una concentración de la riqueza en manos de unos pocos que hizo de Brasil hasta el día de hoy uno de los países con mayor brecha entre los ricos y los pobres. Sólo en 1985, con la elección por el Congreso del líder de la oposición civil Tancredo Neves a la presidencia del país, va a desaparecer, oficialmente, la dictadura. Por desgracia, Tancredo Neves morirá antes de jurar la presidencia y su vicepresidente, un representante de la vieja y retrógrada mayoría de las oligarquías del país, mantendrá el país atado a los partidarios de la Dictadura Militar. Sólo en noviembre de 1989, el país tendría su primera elección presidencial después de 29 años de dictadura.During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of South American countries went through devastating military regimes. They were supported — if not organized — by United States as a form of preventing a growing leftist influence in the continent and a possible “realignment” of such nations with the Soviet Block. The main dictatorship in Latin America occurred in Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. In March 31 of 1964, Brazil deepened itself into the Military Dictatorship, which lasted more than twenty year, the longest dictatorship regime of the continent. At the time, under the presidency of João Goulart (elected as vice-president in 1960 that had sworn as President when the President Jânio Quadros resigned, in the following year). The Goulart administration was tumultuous and followed by political instability mainly due to the measures he wanted to put in action in the country as well as by the rather conservative environment, which offered great resistance to his policies. When the president Jânio Quadros resigned in august of 1961, João Goulart was in a diplomatic mission in Chine. The military forces and the conservative members of the congress prevented him from taking the oath and a civil war almost took place by sectors eager to guarantee he would be allowed to take the presidency. Goulart undertake of his place, as President was only possible due to a popular movement, which occurred in the city of Porto Alegre, in the South of Brazil. In that, respect the coup was only postponed... João Goulart was a rich farmer from the state of Rio Grande do Sul and was the greatest leader of a faction called “Trabalhismo” (under the Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro) of popular appeal and with significant support from the worker’s class. Its policy, from “communist inspiration,” according to opposition, was nothing more than popular measures of a social-democratic matrix. Goulart used to call his proposals by “Reformas de Base” [Base Reforms], that is: Educational Reform (from fighting literalness to changes in the higher educational system); Tributary Reform (with greater control of sending reserves abroad); Electoral Reform (right to vote for illiterate and the military of lower ranks); Land Reform (des-appropriation of unproductive land); Urban Reform. In March 31 of 1964, now a well plane military coup would become a reality and President João Goulart was removed and send to exile. The militaries (Army, Navy and Air Force) took the government. For a few days, the president of Congress took the presidency and a great deal of political and syndical leaders, public officials, members of the military, were removed from offices and exiled. An indirect presidential election was made with the support of a submissive congress which place in the presidency the marshal Castello Branco (1964-1967). An authoritarian government was set in motion. However in 1968, forced by the democratic resistance at the second military term, under the presidency of the marshal Costa e Silva (1967-1969), the military dictatorship was aggravated and took the form of State Terrorism with clandestine prison, torture, murdering of opposition leaders, culture and press censorship without precedents. Because of that, part of the resistance to the military opted for organized guerrilla fight in distant regions of urban centers. This period of the Brazilian Military Dictatorship, which correspondent to the years of 1968 to 1974 (at the end of the President-general Emilio Medici dictatorship), became known as the “Anos de Chumbo” [Years of Lead], due to the great number of terror acts employed by the state. About the economic aspects, in the same period the country went through what became known the “Economic Miracle.” With an extraordinary superavit of the economy, up to 10% a year (mainly due to the ingress of foreign capital). The greatest inheritance however of such “miracle,” which didn’t last throughout the following decade was the public deficit (Dívida Externa) and inflation rates without precedents, as well as a concentration of wealth at the hands of few which made from Brazil up to today one of the countries with the largest gap between the rich and the poor. Only in 1985, with the election by the Congress of the civilian opposition leader Tancredo Neves for the presidency the country would officially leave dictatorship behind. Unfortunately, Tancredo Neves would die before taking the presidency and his vice-president, a representative of the old and most backwards oligarchies of the country politically tied to the supporters of Military Dictatorship. Only in November of 1989, the country would have its first presidential elections after 29 years of dictatorship

Standardize and streamline processes to reduce net working capital

CEM

THE INFLUENCE OF SWIMMING VELOCITY ON THE KINEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BACKSTROKE SWIMMING

Under standard workout conditions, swimmers spend most of their time swimming at rates significantly lower than racing speed. Specificity of training is not just a metabolic problem, but also a technical and a kinesiological one. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent swimming the backstroke at different speeds implies a change in the stroke pattern and in the kinematics of the propulsive movements. We also studied the technical characteristics associated with performance in short distance efforts. A third aim of this study was to compare the intra-cycle velocity variation of the center of gravity of the body to the intra-cycle velocity variation of the hip point. Seven well-trained male swimmers participated in this study (age: 14.71±0.76 years, height: 1.74±0.39 m, body mass: 63.14±5.52 kg, %FAT: 15.40±1.81). Each subject performed 3 x 50 m backstroke repeats with 15 min of rest at a velocity corresponding to 90% (v90), 95% (v95) and 100% (vmax) of best performance in the 50 m backstroke. The swimmers were filmed on the sagittal plane, underwater and above the water, with synchronized cameras (60 Hz). Images were mixed and then digitized for further analysis using the APAS system. Peak mean horizontal velocities of the hand occurred during the upsweep at v90 and v95 and during the finish/exit at vmax. Total stroke duration decreased from v90 to v100 due to the shorter duration of the downsweep, the final downsweep and the finish/exit, but the relative duration of the phases did not show any significant changes. Increasing velocity caused an increase in the distance between point of entry into the water and point of exit of the hand from the water, but mean horizontal pulling length decreased. Swimming velocity at sub-maximal paces correlated well to mean body velocity at the upsweep, but at vmax, the highest association was to body velocity at the final downsweep. Maximal velocity in the 50 m backstroke was inversely correlated to the range of intra-cycle velocity variations of the body center of gravity. This parameter showed a poor individual correlation to the hip velocity variation (r=0.58 ± 0.18). The correlation between the coefficient of variation of the hip and the center of gravity intra-cycle velocities had, on the contrary, a high significance. Movement of temporal and spatial structures seem to vary little with velocity changes in swimmers who have attained a good stabilization of motor execution. In fast swimming, nevertheless, swimmers apparently achieve a greater anterioposterior stabilization of the hand, which may indicate more pronounced lift oriented sculling actions, and performance becomes more dependent on the final portion of the underwater path. The variation of the mean velocity of the hip cannot be used for quantification of the changes of body velocity from phase to phase, but a coefficient of variation (SD . mean-1 . 100) of intra-cycle hip velocity seems to be an adequate indicator of the intra-cycle velocity variation of the body center of gravity

Estimate for concentration level of the Adams functional and extremals for Adams-type inequality

This paper is mainly concerned with the existence of extremals for the Adams inequality. We first establish an upper bound for the classical Adams functional along of all concentrated sequences in $W^{m,\frac{n}{m}}_{\mathcal{N}}(\Omega)$, in particular in $W^{m,\frac{n}{m}}_{0}(\Omega)$, where $\Omega$ is a smooth bounded domain in Euclidean $n$-space. Secondly, based on the Concentration-compactness alternative due to Do \'{O} and Macedo, we prove the existence of extremals for the Adams inequality under Navier boundary conditions for second order derivatives at least for higher dimensions when $\Omega$ is an Euclidean ball

Dificuldades percepcionadas pelos enfermeiros durante o transporte do doente crítico

O transporte do doente crítico é um momento de grande vulnerabilidade e instabilidade quer para o doente quer para o enfermeiro. Este tem vindo a aumentar devido à centralização dos meios de diagnóstico e terapêutica exigindo enfermeiros qualificados para o efetuar. Objetivo: Analisar as dificuldades percecionadas pelos enfermeiros dos serviços de urgência de um Centro Hospitalar do Norte de Portugal no transporte interhospitalar do doente crítico. Metodologia: Estudo de natureza Transversal Analítico, realizado numa população de 120 enfermeiros distribuídos por uma urgência básica, uma urgência médico-cirúrgica e uma urgência polivalente de um Centro Hospitalar do Norte de Portugal. Para a obtenção da amostra foram definidos como critérios de inclusão: enfermeiros que realizassem transporte inter-hospitalar, que se disponibilizassem a participar no estudo e estivessem presentes no período de recolha de dados, obtendo-se uma amostra de 70 enfermeiros. Como Instrumento de Recolha de Dados utilizamos o questionário, de MATA, 2014, dificuldades percecionadas pelos enfermeiros durante o transporte Inter-hospitalar, após autorização da autora. A recolha de dados decorreu entre janeiro de 2020 a abril de 2020. O estudo obteve parecer favorável da comissão de ética da instituição (n.º 151/2020) e respetivo Conselho de Administração. Resultados: No total de 70 participantes, (65,7%, 46) eram do sexo feminino, a média de idades foi de 43,6 anos, com experiência profissional média de 19.86 anos, predominando a categoria profissional de enfermeiro (64,3%, 45) e com formação na área (71,4%, 50). As dificuldades mais percecionadas foi na área dos “Recursos e Instabilidade do Doente” (M=2,90 pontos) e o “Planeamento do Transporte Secundário” (M=2,78 pontos). Verificamos uma relação, estatisticamente significativa, entre o local de trabalho e o F4 (Morte do Doente), uma correlação negativa fraca, estatisticamente significativa, entre a frequência de realização de transporte no último mês e as dificuldades percecionadas na realização do transporte e uma correlação positiva moderada entre a frequência de ocorrência dos fatores e as dificuldades percecionadas pelos enfermeiros (p <0,05). Conclusão: As dificuldades mais percecionadas pelos enfermeiros são os “Recursos e Instabilidade do Doente” e o “Planeamento do Transporte Secundário”. O local de trabalho influenciou a dificuldade do F4, Morte do Doente, e a frequência de realização do transporte no último mês relacionou-se com as dificuldades. Sugerimos a existência de equipas dedicadas ao transporte destes doentes para um maior treino e formação periódica, a alocação de enfermeiros da área da pessoa em situação crítica nos serviços de urgência e a formação aos enfermeiros do Serviço de Urgência Básico (SUB) sobre a morte do doente. A realização de outros estudos nesta área.The transportation of critically ill patients is a time of great vulnerability and instability for both the patient and the nurse. This has been increasing due to the centralization of the means of diagnosis and therapy requiring qualified nurses to do so. Objectives: To analyze the difficulties perceived by nurses in the emergency services of a Hospital Center in Northern Portugal in the interhospital transportation of critically ill patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study, carried out in a population of 120 nurses distributed by a basic emergency, a medical-surgical emergency and a multipurpose emergency in a Hospital Center in the North of Portugal. In order to obtain the sample, inclusion criteria were defined: nurses who performed inter-hospital transportation, who were willing to participate in the study and were present in the data collection period, obtaining a sample of 70 nurses. As a data Collection Instrument, we used the questionnaire, from MATA, 2014, difficulties perceived by nurses during interhospital transportation, after authorization by the author. Data collection took place between January 2020 and april 2020. The study obtained a favorable decision from the institution's ethics committee (no. 151/2020) and the respective Board of Directors. Results: In the total of 70 participants, (65.7%, 46) with a predominance of females, the average age was 43.6 years, with an average professional experience of 19.86 years, predominantly the professional category of nurse (64.3%, 45) and trained in the area (71.4%, 50). The most perceived difficulties were in the area of “Resources and Patient Instability” (M = 2.90 points) and “Secondary Transport Planning” (M = 2.78 points). We found a statistically significant relationship between the workplace and F4 (Death of the Patient), a weak negative correlation, statistically significant, between the frequency of carrying out the transport in the last month and the perceived difficulties in carrying out the transport and a correlation positive moderate between the frequency of occurrence of the factors and the difficulties perceived by nurses (p <0.05). Conclusion: The difficulties most perceived by nurses are “Resources and Patient Instability” and “Secondary Transportation Planning”. The workplace influenced the difficulty of F4, Death of the Patient, and the frequency of transportation in the last month, relating to the difficulties. We suggest the existence of teams dedicated to the transport of these patients for further training and periodic training, the allocation of nurses from the area of the person in critical situation to the emergency services and the training of SUB nurses on the death of the patient. The carrying out of other studies in this area

O SALVAMENTO DOS VESTÍGIOS ESTRUTURAIS DO NAVIO PORTUGUÊS DO SÉCULO XVI DE ORANJEMUND, NAMÍBIA, 2008-2009 – UM EXEMPLO DE COOPERAÇÃO ENTRE UM ESTADO “COSTEIRO” E UM ESTADO “DE BANDEIRA”

Ao proporcionar uma acrescida acessibilidade do património cultural subaquático, a invenção do escafandro autónomo deu origem, após a 2ª Guerra Mundial, ao nascimento da arqueologia subaquática, mas também, simultaneamente, ao exponencial agravamento da vulnerabilidade deste património face aos caçadores de recordações e de tesouros – expressões a diferentes níveis da predatória “caça aos tesouros submersos” – actividade que concerne muitos países, entre os quais Portugal, cujo património cultural subaquático, por razões geográficas e históricas, jaz em águas de todo o mundo. Em 2001, perante o imperativo de salvaguarda do património cultural subaquático mundial, aUNESCO adoptou a Convenção sobre a Protecção do Património Cultural Subaquático, até à data ratificada ou aceite por 44 países de todos os continentes, entre os quais se contam, a Espanha (em 2005), Portugal (em 2006), a Itália (em 2010), e a França (em 2013), países de tradição marítima histórica