Atividade antibacteriana do extrato hidroalcoólico de Punica granatum Linn. sobre Staphylococcus spp. isolados de leite bovino

Mastite bovina é caraterizada por inflamação da glândula mamária, geralmente em resposta à infecção bacteriana, compromete quali-quantitativamente a produção leiteira. Este estudo objetivou verificar a atividade antibacteriana in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico da casca da romã sobre bactérias isoladas de leite bovino. As colônias de Staphylococcus spp. foram ressuspendidas a escala 6 de MacFarland e ajustada a sua concentração por espectrofotometria UV visível na concentração de 10 mL-1. Os extratos foram avaliados em quintuplicata, em sete concentrações: de 4mg mL-1 até 0,0625 mg.mL-1. A sensibilidade dos isolados microbianos foi determinada utilizando o teste de difusão em disco e os resultados que apresentaram zonas de inibição correspondentes a valores a partir de 15 mm, foram considerados sensíveis. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo método ANOVA, teste de Tukey 5%, utilizando o SISVAR 5.3 -DEX/UFLA. Adicionalmente o extrato foi avaliado quanto à atividade antioxidante, teores de fenóis e flavonoides totais. Para tanto o extrato foi diluído em sete concentrações: de 25 a 1000µg.mL-1, e avaliado em triplicata. O crescimento bacteriano foi inibido a partir da concentração de 4mg.mL-1 e a ação antioxidante foi verificada a partir de 50µg.mL-1, com valores correspondentes a 4.62%, atingindo platô de 64,90% na concentração de 500µg.mL-1. Na avaliação da atividade captadora de radicais, empregando o radical livre DPPH, o extrato demonstrou atividade antioxidante (IC50%= 378,80µg/mL). Porém, não foi possível correlacionar a atividade antioxidante aos teores de fenóis e flavonoides. Talvez a presença de outras substâncias alcaloides e taninos presentes no extrato, possam ter sido as responsáveis pela atividade antioxidante encontrada. Conclui-se que o extrato hidroalcoólico de Punica granatum Linn. apresenta atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus spp., demonstrando potencial benefício para o controle da mastite bovina

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Partial Caries Removal in Primary Teeth: Association of Clinical Parameters with Microbiological Status

The relationship between clinical characteristics of carious dentin and bacterial colonization after partial caries removal is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to compare microbial counts between categories of carious dentin color, consistency and humidity, and to evaluate the correlation between these characteristics and the presence of cariogenic microorganisms in deep cavities (2/3 or more of the dentin thickness) submitted to partial caries removal. Sixteen primary teeth were submitted to the removal of all carious tissue from the lateral walls of the cavity, whereas carious tissue of the pulp wall was removed superficially. Dentin in the pulp wall was classified according to color, consistency and humidity immediately after cavity preparation and 3–6 months after cavity sealing and a tissue sample was collected on the same occasion for microbiological evaluation. Before sealing, &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;/i&gt; (p = 0.033) and &lt;i&gt;Lactobacillus &lt;/i&gt;spp. (p = 0.048) counts were higher in cavities with humid dentin compared to cavities with dry dentin. A negative correlation was observed between carious dentin consistency and &lt;i&gt;S. mutans&lt;/i&gt; count during this phase (r&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; = –0.571; p = 0.020). Arrest of dentinal caries lesions was observed after sealing, which was characterized by a reduction of bacterial counts and changes in dentin color, consistency and humidity, irrespectively of baseline dentin characteristics. The clinical characteristics of carious dentin change after the period of cavity sealing and cannot be applied as absolute indicators to limit the excavation of carious dentin when minimally invasive techniques are used.</jats:p

Condições sociais da constituição do desenho infantil Social conditions of the constitution of infantile drawing

Este trabalho focaliza algumas das condições sociais da produção da atividade gráfica. Os dados foram coletados através de vídeo-gravações e de desenhos de crianças pré-escolares, em situações de produção gráfica, em sala de aula, durante um ano letivo. Baseada na abordagem histórico-cultural, a análise buscou verificar as relações entre a fala e o desenho, assim como as ações das crianças com e sobre as possibilidades funcionais dos materiais empregados na atividade gráfica e as mediações entre pares e professora. De acordo com os resultados, o impacto dos eventos interativos, em especial os processos de linguagem na atividade de desenho, indicam a necessidade de revisão da ênfase maturacionista nas atuais discussões teóricas sobre o tema.<br>This essay focuses on some of the social conditions of the production of graphic activity. The data was collected through video recordings and of drawings made by pre-school children involved in classroom graphic activities during the school year. Based on a historic-cultural approach, this analysis strives to verify the relation between speech and drawing productions as well as the childrens' interaction with eachother and with the teacher. According to the results, the impact of interactive events, especially the process of language within the graphic activities, indicates a necessity of revision of the maturacionist emphasis of the theoretical discussions about the theme