Iteration dynamical systems of discrete Laplacians on the plane lattice(I) (Basic properties and computer simulations of the dynamical systems)

In this study we introduce a concept of discrete Laplacian on the plane lattice and consider its iteration dynamical system. At first we discuss some basic properties on the dynamical system to be proved. Next making their computer simulations, we show that we can realize the following phenomena quite well:(1) The crystal of waters (2) The designs of carpets, embroideries (3) The time change of the numbers of families of extinct animals, and (4) The echo systems of life things. Hence we may expect that we can understand the evolutions and self organizations by use of the dynamical systems. Here we want to make a stress on the following fact: Although several well known chaotic dynamical systems can describe chaotic phenomena, they have difficulties in the descriptions of the evolutions and self organizations

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Iron source effect on BaFe12O19 preparation through citrate route

Both magnetization and coercivity should be controlled on BaFe12O19 for its usage in magnetic recording. Preparation of BaFe12O19 was studied in citrate route by changing the kinds of iron source. Stoichiometric mixtures of iron compounds with Ba(NO3)2 were dissolved in distilled water. They were mixed with citric acid aqueous solution and then condensed on a hot plate to their gelatinous products. Their prefired products below 450°C were pelletized and then fired in a temperature range between 750 and 900°C. The product from iron nitrate was a mixture of α-Fe2O3, BaFe2O4 and a small amount of BaFe12O19. The product from Fe(acac)3 was pure BaFe12O19 fine powder with a crystallite size of < 90 nm. The fine powdered product at 850°C had a saturation magnetization of 58.5 emu·g-1 and a coercivity of 5.5 kÖe

Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytoma (Animal Types of Melanoma) on the Nose

Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM), also known as an animal-type melanoma, is a distinctive group of melanocytic tumors with a more favorable prognosis than conventional melanoma. Since tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) extend in the premetastatic lymph nodes in several cancers, we hypothesized that the lower rate of lymph node metastasis in PEM might be correlated with the phenotypes of TAMs. Therefore, in this report, we further investigate the subpopulation of TAMs in PEM, revealing that the main population of TAMs in histiocytic lesion is CD163+CD206+PD-L1+ M2-polarized macrophages. In addition, since the PD-L1-expressing CD205+ dendritic cells are also detected in histiocytic lesions, the PD-L1-expressing TAMs and dendritic cells might suggest favorable prognostic factors in patients with PEM