The Russian consumer sector: estimation technology

The article describes the methodology for estimating the Russia’s consumer sector and the effect of its application. The monitoring procedure of the Russian consumer sector groups indicators into two units: the unit of the estimation of consumer goods and the services market estimation unit. The estimation unit of consumer goods is composed of two modules: food products and non-food products. This module offers two components that provide an estimation of the consumer sector: marketing (estimates the accessibility of retail trade and services for end users) and production (estimates the domestic manufacture). The results of the estimation show general improvements in the consumer sector in the period of 2000–2014, but overall development is evaluated as low. The analysis revealed that the financing is growing faster than the quality indices of development. As an example, the financing of agriculture has increased by 1.5 times over 15 years (against comparable prices from 2000), while agricultural production has not changed. Another most pressing challenge is the weak differentiation of the Russian economy, as evidenced by the low rates of non-food production (availability of non-foods of own production remains at a low level and averages 20 %). The results of the estimation suggest the need to reform the regulation of the sector primarily concerning priorities for its development and improvement of financial and economic mechanisms to achieve them.The research has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation Gran, the project № 15–18–10014 " Projection of optimal socio-economic systems in the turbulence of external and internal environment"

Analysis of Economic Motives in the Individual Choice of Educational Paths

The authors consider the economic motivations when individuals choose an educational path. This line of research is relevant from both, the point of view of science — research of economic behavior of an individual, and the point of view of practice — allows to increase efficiency of investments in a human capital. The authors have developed the economic and mathematical model of choice of optimum educational paths by individuals. The model is realized in the software and approved on real data on more than 5,5 thousand students. For the analysis of the importance of rational economic expectations when an educational path has to be chosen, the paths chosen by students is compared and the educational paths optimum from the point of view of economic rationality are calculated. The analysis of the results has showed that mainly, the choice of educational paths happens according to the economic motivations. On the considered selection, 66 % of prospective students have chosen an optimum path from the point of view of economic preferences. The most significant factor providing development of optimum educational paths is an expectation of higher income upon completion of education — 22 % of all educational paths, and a possibility of cost-cutting of educating or state-subsidized education — 12 %. In our opinion, one of the most important practical results of the research of optimum educational path is the need to consider expectations of students and prospective student when developing a state policy of investment in human capital

ESTIMATION OF RELIABILITY OF SYSTEM OF REVERSE STAMPS WITH USE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND ACCURACY OF PUNCHED PARTS

Estimation of reliability of system of reverse stamps with use of composite materials and accuracy of punched parts

Improving the Training System of Water Transport Management Specialists in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation

The article discusses the issues of building a competitive system of higher education in the Arctic region and formation of specialists’ professional competencies for solving urgent scientific and technological problems within the concept of the Arctic economy innovative development. It is concluded that in order to be competitive, the new regional higher education system must undergo rapid changes to meet the modern economy requirements. That being said, the formation of Arctic competences is on the one hand a specific condition of professional training of specialists for the Arctic economy, which is not secured by the legislation; on the other hand, it is an important factor in maintaining competitiveness of both the regional vocational education system as a whole and that of a specific university

Blood cytokine profile quantitative characteristics evaluation for identifying infection risk group in pigs

Diseases in newborn animals cause significant damage to animal husbandry. This is a complex problem, in which, along with such factors as the environment and the pathogen, an important role is played by the reaction of the body of newborns and their close connection with the mother's body. The study of enzyme relationships in the functional system «mother-fetus-newborn» can make a significant contribution to solving the problem of improving the safety of the population of newborn animals. Newborn animals have different degrees of functional maturity. Functional capacity of some organs and the system of the newborn, in comparison with the parent individuals, can be determined both genetically and by the conditions of intrauterine development. Currently, a sufficient number of facts have been accumulated that any deviations or violations of homeostasis parameters the mother's body affects the fetus and vice versa. The main role in compensating for impaired functions belongs to the mother's body, but the fetus is also able to participate in these reactions to a certain extent. Functional integration of fetal and maternal homologous systems when performing homeostatic functions concerns the activity of the blood enzyme component. The aim of our research was to study quantitative and qualitative changes in the activity of blood enzymes in animals aged from 27 to 204 days

The Use of Social Networks in Project Decision-Making: Gender Perception of Information and Indirect Impact during the Election Campaign

This article discusses one of the methods of influencing users of social networks.Rationally setting the task of inciting the voter to act in favor of the candidate for deputy at the polling station.After analyzing and selecting objects of influence, methods of indirect influence were used, the task of which was to bring the object to the desired conscious decision.But on the basis of the research and activities carried out, the author proposes one of the options for using social networks to work with objects in accordance with the assigned tasks to obtain the desired result

Analysis Of Economic Motives In The Individual Choice Of Educational Paths

The article explores economic motive forces that drive individuals to make their choices of educational paths. This research issue is relevant in equal measure to theory — the study of economic human behavior, and practice — the enhancement of human capital investment efficiency.The authors have developed an econometric model of individual choice decisions concerning educational paths. It was implemented with the software support and bolstered with the live data on over 5.5 thousand students. To analyze the values of rational economic expectancies in the choice of educational paths, the students’ preferences were compared to the optimal, economically feasible educational paths.The findings have shown that a choice of educational paths is chiefly made in line with the economic incentives. With respect to the analyzed sample, 66% of university applicants made their choices with regard to economic preferences. Higher expected earnings after graduation — 22% of the choices, and reduction in college tuition costs or education against the budget — 12%, are the most significant factors shaping optimal educational paths.We believe that one outcome from the research is the prospect of a national policy issue for human capital investment with due regard for students and university entrants’ expectancies

Contents of chemokines in lacrimal fluid of the patients with diabetic retinopathy and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetic retinopathy is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus with chemokines playing an important pathogenetic role. However, the studies of chemokines in lacrimal fluid of the patients with diabetic retinopathy and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are rarely performed. The aim of the study was to analyze the content of chemokines in lacrimal fluid of patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy and T2DM. When determining the concentration of chemokines in the lacrimal fluid, two clinical groups were formed: the main group of 56 elderly patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy and T2DM, and a control group of 48 age-matched persons with T2DM, however, without diabetic retinopathy. The diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy was performed after comprehensive ophthalmological examination using various modern techniques and applying the criteria of the All-Russian Association of Ophthalmologists “Diabetes mellitus: diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema”. The chemokine levels in the lacrimal fluid were determined in the morning on the MAGPIX device (USA). The changed contents of chemokines was shown in lacrimal fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and T2DM, in comparison with patients suffering from T2DM in absence of diabetic retinopathy. In elderly patients with diabetic retinopathy and T2DM, a decreased content of GROα/ CXCL1, RANTES/CCL5 and MIP-1α/CCL3 was revealed in lacrimal fluid, at a statistically significant difference as related to controls. At the same time, the content of GROα/CXCL1 chemokine in lacrimal fluid was decreased most significantly, (38.24±2.57 in the main group versus 13.61±1.74 pg/mL in the comparison group). The level of RANTES/CCL5 decreased to 0.92±0.16 pg/mL versus 1.69±0.18 pg/mL (p < 0.001); MIP-1α/CCL3, to 2.06±0.71pg/mL versus 3.79±0.64 pg/mL, respectively. However, the proportion of chemokines in the lacrimal fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and T2DM was significantly inceased in  all  cases.  This  finding  concerns  MCP-1/CCL2,  IP-10/CXCL10,  and  SDF1α/CXCL12.  The  content  of IP-10/CXCL10 in lacrimal fluid increased to maximal values of 38.24±2.57 pg/mL in the patients with diabetic retinopathy and T2DM compared with 13.61±1.74 pg/mL in patients with diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy, MCP-1/CCL2 to 742.34±0.89 pg/mL compared to 633.72±0.64 pg/mL, respectively; SDF1α/ CXCL12, to 264.78±7.82 pg/mL compared to 213.49±6.08 pg/mL. In addition, the interrelations between studied chemokines in patients with diabetic retinopathy and type 2 diabetes mellitus are more pronounced than in comparison group as confirmed by large number of correlations in the main group. The results obtained expand the knowledge on the effects of chemokines in lacrimal fluid upon development of diabetic retinopathy

Interleukins in lacrimal fluid and diabetic retinopathy

The leading role of diabetic retinopathy is considered the main causal factor of decreased visual acuity in the able-bodied and elderly ages determines its clinical relevance, including immunological aspects of pathogenesis to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this ophthalmic pathology. Currently, changes in lacrimal fluid interleukins in elderly patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of our work was to study the content of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory interleukins in lacrimal fluid in elderly patients with diabetic retinopathy.The lacrimal fluid interleukins were analyzed in two clinical groups: the main group was represented by 72 elderly patients with diabetic retinopathy, and the control group included 64 patients of the same age with type 2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy. The diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy was assessed from the criteria of Clinical Recommendations “Diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema” issued by the All-Russian Association of Ophthalmologists based on the results of a comprehensive ophthalmological examination. In the lacrimal fluid taken from all patients, the content of various pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins was studied by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using R&D Diagnostic Inc. (USA) test systems. Arithmetic average values, their errors, relative risk factors and confidence intervals were calculated, and their significance was evaluated. We have obtained following results: a statistically significant increase of most proinflammatory interleukins was detected in the lacrimal fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy. In particular, expression of IL-6 was increased to 142.9±7.8 pg/ml among the patients with diabetic retinopathy versus 6.8±0.7 pg/ml in the comparison group, IL-3 was increased to 2.4±0.3 pg/ml versus 0.3±0.05 pg/ml, respectively (p < 0.001). The production of other pro-inflammatory interleukins at the local site has also increased, except of IL-7. However, the concentration of IL-4 and IL-10 was significantly decreased in the patients with diabetic retinopathy, with even higher increase of IL-10 (4.3±0.5 pg/ml versus 11.7±2.3 pg/ml, p < 0.001). The relative risk values were the highest for IL-6 (7.824), at the reliable confidence interval of 7.5388.261; for IL-3 these values comprised 3.269 (CI 3.084-3.721). High relative risk values were also established for IL-8, IL-5 and IL-1α2. The relative risk of developing diabetic retinopathy by almost 2 times was associated with higher contents of IL-8 in the lacrimal fluid (statistically significant confidence interval of 1.728-2.432 (p < 0.01); for IL-5 it was 1.748 (confidence interval of 1.462-2.194 (p < 0.01); for IL-1α2 it comprised 1.718 (confidence interval of 1.524-2.137, p < 0.001). These findings suggest an association of the abovementioned interleukins and development of diabetic retinopathy. The established patterns expand modern views concerning immunopathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, involving the interleukins of lacrimal fluid