Palm Based Mono-Diacylglyceride as an Emulsifier in Producing Chocolate with Cocoa Butter Substitute

Emulsifier used in the preparation of chocolate has the function to stabilize fat and water that can prevent the occurrence of blooming. Emulsifier generallyused in the preparation of chocolate is lecithin. However as an alternative monodiacylglycerol (MDAG) can be used. MDAG can be synthesized from vegetableoil such as palm oil and its fraction. This research was conducted to study the effect of palm MDAG and variation of its concentration on quality of chocolate. The palm MDAG used was palm kernel oil MDAG (MDAG PKO), palm oleinMDAG (MDAG POL), palm stearin MDAG (MDAG PS) at the concentration between 0.3 to 0.9%. Results of the study showed that chocolate which usedpalm MDAG did not cause blooming. Increase of MDAG concentration tended to increase fat content but the reverse result was observed in the case of lecithin.The melting point of chocolate tended to increase with increasing concentration of MDAG POL and MDAG PS but the reverse result was observed in lecithin,meanwhile for MDAG PKO similar result was observed. The protein content of chocolate tended to decrease with increasing MDAG concentration but thereverseresult was observed in lecithin. Viscosity of chocolate with lecithin, MDAG PKO and MDAG POL decreased in accordance with increasing concentration,meanwhile in MDAG PS at the concentration of 0.3% in the beginning viscosity decreasedbut later on increased with increasing concentration. The use of emulsifierat the concentration of 0.3–0.9% did not have significant effect on fat content, melting point of fat and protein content, but it had significant effect on viscosity.Results of organoleptic testing showed that the use of palm MDAG have not significant effect on texture, taste, and appearance of chocolate. Types and concentrations of palm MDAG which were highly accepted by the panelist there wereMDAG PS and MDAG PKO with concentration 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively

Formulasi dan Pengolahan Margarin Menggunakan Fraksi Minyak Sawit pada Skala Industri Kecil Serta Aplikasinya dalam Pembuatan Bolu Gulung

Pengembangan produk bakery memberikan dampak positif terhadap peningkatan konsumsi margarin. Selain itu, variasi formula margarin semakin diperlukan untuk pengembangan produk bakery yang beragam, dengan demikian produksi margarin cukup menjanjikan untuk dikembangkan pada skala industri kecil dan menengah (IKM). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat margarin dengan menggunakan minyak sawit (refined bleached deodorized palm oil, RBDPO) dan minyak sawit merah (red palm oil, RPO) serta aplikasinya dalam pembuatan bolu gulung. RPO digunakan sebagai pewarna alami dan pro-vitamin A, sehingga tidak perlu lagi menambahkan pewarna dan vitamin pada margarin. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan 3 tahapan meliputi: 1) formulasi margarin dengan mencampurkan antara RBDPO dan RPO pada rasio 97,5:2,5 – 85:15 melalui pendekatan sifat fisika kimia margarin komersial meliputi komposisi asam lemak, bilangan iod, titik leleh dan kandungan lemak padat, 2) optimasi produksi margarin menggunakan formula terbaik dari kegiatan 1 pada reaktor texturing skala 50 kg/batch dengan memvariasikan suhu media pendingin (5±2, 12±2, 20±2 °C) dan waktu proses (0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 menit). Produk dianalisis kadar air, warna, bentuk, tekstur dan stabilitasnya selama penyimpanan, dan 3) aplikasi margarin dalam pembuatan bolu gulung dan uji organoleptiknya. Hasil pengembangan formulasi margarin menggunakan RBDPO dan RPO diperoleh formula yang setara dengan margarin pembanding pada rasio 95:5. Kondisi optimum proses skala 50 kg/batch yang menghasilkan margarin dengan tekstur dan stabilitas terbaik diperoleh pada suhu pendingin 5±2 °C atau 12±2 °C selama 30 menit. Aplikasinya pada bolu gulung menunjukkan bahwa margarin ini relatif baik dengan pengembangan bolu lebih tinggi 0,2 cm dibandingkan margarin pembanding. Hasil uji organoleptik bolu gulung menggunakan margarin ini memberikan tingkat kesukaan terhadap rasa, tekstur dan kenampakan tidak berbeda nyata dengan margarin pembanding. Dengan demikian, margarin yang dibuat dari RBDPO dan RPO pada penelitian ini memiliki kualitas memadai dan setara dengan produk komersial

A Descriptive Study Of Code Mixing Form In Kaskus Online Forum

This research objective is to find out the form of code mixing in Kaskus online forum. The research data were collected in february 2017. The subject of this research was the user of Kaskus online forum in a thread entitiles “Cara Asik to Improve Your English”. The data were collected through online report. The subject consisted of 16 users with 48 posts, and 64 sentences. The research found out that the all of code mixing forms exist in Kaskus and several purposes of code mixing are found in this research. As a conclusion, the use of insertion of words is more dominant than other insertion in the research and Kaskus users are not using the code mixing for their incompetence

Retention modeling for ultra-thin density of Cu-based conductive bridge random access memory (CBRAM)

We investigate the effect of Cu concentration On-state resistance retention characteristics of W/Cu/Ti/HfO2/Pt memory cell. The development of RRAM device for application depends on the understanding of the failure mechanism and the key parameters for device optimization. In this study, we develop analytical expression for cations (Cu+) diffusion model using Gaussian distribution for detailed analysis of data retention time at high temperature. It is found that the improvement of data retention time depends not only on the conductive filament (CF) size but also on Cu atoms concentration density in the CF. Based on the simulation result, better data retention time is observed for electron wave function associated with Cu+ overlap and an extended state formation. This can be verified by analytical calculation of Cu atom defects inside the filament, based on Cu+ diffusion model. The importance of Cu diffusion for the device reliability and the corresponding local temperature of the filament were analyzed by COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. (C) 2016 Author(s).1152Ysciescopu

Pengaruh Implementasi Kompetensi Kepribadian Dan Sosial Terhadap Kinerja Guru SMA Negeri 1 Kembang Kabupaten Jepara Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh implementasi kompetensi kepribadian dan sosial terhadap kinerja guru SMA Negeri 1 Kembang Kabupaten Jepara Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 37 Guru. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 4 bulan, dimulai dari tahap persiapan, pelaksanaan, dan pelaporan hasil. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan angket dan dokumentasi. Validitas data yang digunakan yaitu validitas isi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh antara kompetensi kepribadian dan sosial terhadap kinerja guru SMA Negeri 1 Kembang Kabupaten Jepara Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014. Bahwa kompetensi kepribadian mempunyai pengaruh sebesar 32,3% dan kompetensi sosial mempunyai pengaruh sebesar 46,5%. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah kompetensi kepribadian dan kompetensi sosial berpengaruh terhadap kinerja guru SMA Negeri 1 Kembang Kabupaten Jepara Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014

"The trauma of competition": the entry of Air Products Inc. into the industrial gases business in Britain and continental Europe 1947-1970

The British Oxygen Company (BOC) had a virtual monopoly on the supply of industrial gases (e.g. oxygen and acetylene) on the British market through the 1950s, when it was finally challenged by an American-based company, Air Products. Air Products Limited (APL) was able to undercut BOCs position, overcoming high barriers to entry to gain significant market share in this sector, which shares some features of network industries. Factors in this success included conditions imposed by the Board of Trade, APL’s innovations, BOC’s slow response, and favourable market conditions. APL’s success had implications for the internationalisation of the industrial gases industry

Sarcoidosis - a multisystem disease.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease, characterised by granuloma formation upon an unknown trigger in genetically predisposed individuals. The inflammation is characterised by an activation of both the innate immune system, with macrophages differentiating into epitheloid cells and dendritic cells, and the adaptive immune system, particularly T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells. Since all organs can be affected to varying extents, clinical presentation is often diverse. Most commonly, the lungs, lymph nodes, skin and eyes are involved, whereas cardiac, renal and neurological manifestations are less common but associated with higher morbidity. Depending on the clinical symptoms, a detailed evaluation including thorough clinical examination, imaging and laboratory tests should explore all possible organ involvements. In some patients, fatigue manifests as a para-sarcoidosis symptom impacting quality of life, even if sarcoidosis is in remission. Some acute syndromic presentations, such as Löfgren's syndrome, have a good prognosis and are commonly self-limiting. If possible, a topical treatment, for example for cutaneous sarcoidosis or bronchial involvement, should be applied. Treatment of severe cases with persisting disease activity necessitates long-term immunosuppressive drugs, with glucocorticoids as the first-line option. Steroid-sparing and second-line drugs include methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and immunomodulators such hydroxychloroquine, with the latter being first-line therapy in cutaneous sarcoidosis. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (particularly adalimumab and infliximab) are used as third-line agents but are administered earlier in cases of persistent disease activity, severe organ-involvement or intolerance to conventional drugs. Treatment decisions should be based on a multidisciplinary approach, depending on organ involvement and treatment tolerability. Para-sarcoidosis manifestations, particularly fatigue, should also be carefully addressed, where the patient could also be enrolled in multidimensional rehabilitation programmes. With various organ involvement and different phenotypes, larger studies including real-world data from registries are necessary to evaluate different sarcoidosis endotypes and preferential treatment pathways