3,822 research outputs found
VLT/MUSE view of the highly ionized outflow cones in the nearby starburst ESO338-IG04
The Ly line is an important diagnostic for star formation at high
redshift, but interpreting its flux and line profile is difficult because of
the resonance nature of Ly. Trends between the escape of Ly
photons and dust and properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) have been
found, but detailed comparisons between Ly emission and the properties
of the gas in local high-redshift analogs are vital for understanding the
relation between Ly emission and galaxy properties. For the first time,
we can directly infer the properties of the ionized gas at the same location
and similar spatial scales of the extended Ly halo around ESO 338-IG04.
We obtained VLT/MUSE integral field spectra. We used ionization parameter
mapping of the [SII]/[OIII] line ratio and the kinematics of H to study
the ionization state and kinematics of the ISM of ESO338-IG04. The velocity map
reveals two outflows. The entire central area of the galaxy is highly ionized
by photons leaking from the HII regions around the youngest star clusters.
Three highly ionized cones have been identified, of which one is associated
with an outflow. We propose a scenario where the outflows are created by
mechanical feedback of the older clusters, while the highly ionized gas is
caused by the hard ionizing photons emitted by the youngest clusters. A
comparison with the Ly map shows that the (approximately bipolar)
asymmetries observed in the Ly emission are consistent with the base of
the outflows detected in H. No clear correlation with the ionization
cones is found. The mechanical and ionization feedback of star clusters
significantly changes the state of the ISM by creating ionized cones and
outflows. The comparison with Ly suggests that especially the outflows
could facilitate the escape of Ly photons [Abridged].Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters, 4 pages, 2 figure
Optical Properties of (SrMnO3)n/(LaMnO3)2n superlattices: an insulator-to-metal transition observed in the absence of disorder
We measure the optical conductivity of (SrMnO3)n/(LaMnO3)2n superlattices
(SL) for n=1,3,5, and 8 and 10 < T < 400 K. Data show a T-dependent insulator
to metal transition (IMT) for n \leq 3, driven by the softening of a polaronic
mid-infrared band. At n = 5 that softening is incomplete, while at the
largest-period n=8 compound the MIR band is independent of T and the SL remains
insulating. One can thus first observe the IMT in a manganite system in the
absence of the disorder due to chemical doping. Unsuccessful reconstruction of
the SL optical properties from those of the original bulk materials suggests
that (SrMnO3)n/(LaMnO3)2n heterostructures give rise to a novel electronic
state.Comment: Published Online in Nano Letters, November 8, 2010;
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl1022628; 5 pages, 3 figure
Substitution of the N-terminal segment of the plasma membrane Ca pump isoform 4 by that of isoform 1 results in a fully functional chimeric enzyme
AbstractThe N-terminal segment of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump (PMCA) is one of the most variable regions among the four isoforms of the enzyme and its functional importance is unknown. In the present work, the N-terminal segment of the highly active C-terminally truncated h4 mutant, h4(ct120) was modified either by substituting residues 18â43 by residues 43â75 or by replacing residues 1â75 by the homologous region from isoform h1 (residues 1â79). Immunoblot analysis of microsomal membranes from transfected COS-1 cells showed that the two N-terminally mutated proteins were correctly expressed at a level similar to that of h4(ct120). Measurements of the Ca2+ uptake by microsomal vesicles from transfected COS-1 cells indicated that mutant (18â43â43â75)h4(ct120) had only negligible Ca2+ transport activity while the chimeric (n1â79)h1h4(ct120) enzyme was fully capable of functioning as a calcium pump.Like h4(ct120), the chimeric mutant was not stimulated further by calmodulin, and was inhibited to a similar degree by the C28R2 peptide corresponding to the calmodulin binding autoinhibitory region of the pump. Moreover, the apparent affinity for Ca2+ and the ATP dependence of the chimeric enzyme were similar to those of the h4(ct120) pump suggesting that the variability of sequence between the N-terminal segment of PMCA isoforms h1 and h4 involves amino acid substitutions that do not substantially change the behavior of the h4 enzyme.Altogether, these results demonstrate that for activity the h4 Ca pump requires a specific amino acid sequence at its N-terminus, and the essential elements for a fully active enzyme can be provided by the N-terminal segment of isoform h1 despite the variability
Localized excited charge carriers generate ultrafast inhomogeneous strain in the multiferroic BiFeO
We apply ultrafast X-ray diffraction with femtosecond temporal resolution to
monitor the lattice dynamics in a thin film of multiferroic BiFeO after
above-bandgap photoexcitation. The sound-velocity limited evolution of the
observed lattice strains indicates a quasi-instantaneous photoinduced stress
which decays on a nanosecond time scale. This stress exhibits an inhomogeneous
spatial profile evidenced by the broadening of the Bragg peak. These new data
require substantial modification of existing models of photogenerated stresses
in BiFeO: the relevant excited charge carriers must remain localized to be
consistent with the data
Age Dating Stellar Populations in the Near Infrared: An absolute age indicator from the presence/absence of red supergiants
The determination of age is a critical component in the study of a population
of stellar clusters. In this letter we present a new absolute age indicator for
young massive star clusters based on J-H colour. This novel method identifies
clusters as older or younger than 5.7 +/- 0.8 Myr based on the appearance of
the first population of red supergiant stars. We test the technique on the
stellar cluster population of the nearby spiral galaxy, M83, finding good
agreement with the theoretical predictions. The localisation of this technique
to the near-IR promises that it may be used well into the future with space--
and ground--based missions optimised for near-IR observations.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures. Accepted to MNRAS, November 201
The Role of Lichens, Mosses, and Vascular Plants in the Biodeterioration of Historic Buildings: A Review
Biodeterioration is defined as the alteration of a given substrate due to a combination of physical and chemical factors produced by living organisms when attached to such materials. This phenomenon attracts scientific research attention due to its risk in causing destruction to outdoor cultural rock heritage sites. In this review, an update on the state-of-art regarding the biodeterioration phenomenon is represented in order to highlight the type of colonizing vegetation and possible mechanisms behind the corresponding deterioration. For this reason, 62 articles with a focus on lichens, mosses, and higher plants were investigated by evaluating the role of construction materials and different plant species related to the hazard index. The results showed that trees and shrubs are the most harmful plant life forms, for example, Ficus carica, Ailanthus altissima, and Capparis spinosa, while regarding building materials, those characterized by high porosity, such as andesite and argillaceous limestone, are more vulnerable to plant colonization. Further studies are needed to examine in detail the relationship between colonizing organisms, intrinsic elements of the substrate, and external factors, as well as the refinement of measures to prevent and control colonization by plants
Measles among healthcare workers in Italy. Is it time to act?
Vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) against measles is strongly recommended in Europe. In this study, we examined the impact of measles on Italian HCWs by systematically and quantitatively analyzing measles cases involving HCWs over time and by identifying the epidemiological characteristics of the respective measles outbreaks. We retrieved data on measles cases from the Italian national integrated measles and rubella surveillance system from January 2013 to May 2019. Additionally, we performed a systematic review of the literature and an analysis of the measles and rubella aggregate outbreaks reporting forms from 2014 to 2018. Our review suggests that preventing measles infection among HCWs in disease outbreaks may be crucial for the elimination of measles in Italy. National policies aiming to increase HCW immunization rates are fundamental to the protection of HCWs and patients, will limit the economic impact of outbreaks on the institutions affected and will help achieve the elimination goal
Evolution of magnetic phases and orbital occupation in (SrMnO3)n/(LaMnO3)2n superlattices
The magnetic and electronic modifications induced at the interfaces in
(SrMnO)/(LaMnO) superlattices have been investigated
by linear and circular magnetic dichroism in the Mn L x-ray absorption
spectra. Together with theoretical calculations, our data demonstrate that the
charge redistribution across interfaces favors in-plane ferromagnetic (FM)
order and orbital occupation, in agreement with the
average strain. Far from interfaces, inside LaMnO, electron localization
and local strain favor antiferromagnetism (AFM) and
orbital occupation. For the high density of interfacial planes ultimately
leads to dominant FM order forcing the residual AFM phase to be in-plane too,
while for the FM layers are separated by AFM regions having
out-of-plane spin orientation.Comment: accepted for publication as a Rapid Communication in Physical Review
Comparative analysis of heterogeneity of primary photosynthetic processes within fruticose lichen thalli: Preliminary study of interspecific differences
Two species of fruticose lichens from different habitats and of distinct color, Usnea antarctica and Stereocaulon vesuvianum, were compared using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging in order to study the distribution of primary photosynthetic processes within the thalli. The thallus of U. antarctica is yellow with black tips: in this species chlorophyll containing cells were mostly located in the middle region of the thallus and the highest PS II efficiency was detected in the middle to basal region, as shown by the FV/FM and ΊPSII values. No chlorophyll fluorescence was detected in the apical part of the thallus, indicating that little or no photosynthesis takes place in these tissues. The lichen S. vesuvianum is homogeneously pale grayish green and chlorophyll containing cells are distributed along the thallus with maximum concentration in the middle region. In S. vesuvianum, the highest PS II efficiency was detected in the apical to middle region of the thallus, while the basal portion was found to have the lowest efficiency of primary photochemical reactions. Quenching analysis data confirmed the uneven patterns of primary photosynthetic processes within the thalli of these fruticose lichens
Mars Regolith Simulant Ameliorated by Compost as In Situ Cultivation Substrate Improves Lettuce Growth and Nutritional Aspects
Heavy payloads in future shuttle journeys to Mars present limiting factors, making self-sustenance essential for future colonies. Therefore, in situ resources utilization (ISRU) is the path to successful and feasible space voyages. This research frames the concept of planting leafy vegetables on Mars regolith simulant, ameliorating this substrateâs fertility by the addition of organic residues produced in situ. For this purpose, two butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) cultivars (green and red SalanovaÂź) were chosen to be cultivated in four dierent mixtures of MMS-1 Mojave Mars simulant:compost (0:100, 30:70, 70:30 and 100:0; v:v) in a phytotron open gas exchange growth chamber. The impact of compost rate on both crop performance and the nutritive value of green- and red-pigmented cultivars was assessed. The 30:70 mixture proved to be optimal in terms of crop performance, photosynthetic activity, intrinsic water use eciency and quality traits of lettuce. In particular, red SalanovaÂź showed the best performance in terms of these quality traits, registering 32% more phenolic content in comparison to 100% simulant. Nonetheless, the 70:30 mixture represents a more realistic scenario when taking into consideration the sustainable use of compost as a limited resource in space farming, while still accepting a slight significant decline in yield and quality in comparison to the 30:70 mixture
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