129 research outputs found
VOF Simulation of The Cavitating Flow in High Pressure GDI Injectors
The paper describes the development in the OpenFOAM Âź technology of a dynamic multiphase Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) solver, supporting mesh handling with topological changes, that has been used for the study of the physics of the primary jet breakup and of the flow disturbance induced by the nozzle geometry during the injector opening event in high-pressure Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. Turbulence modeling based on a scale-resolving approach has been applied, while phase change of fuel is accounted by means of a cavitation model that has been coupled with the VOF solver. Simulations have been carried out on a 6-hole prototype injector, especially developed for investigations in the framework of the collaborative project FUI MAGIE and provided by Continental Automotive SAS. Special attention has been paid to the domain decomposition strategy and to the code development of the solver, to ensure good load balancing and to minimize inter-processor communication, to achieve good performance and also high scalability on large computing clusters
Further observations on the sensitive innervation of some birdâs proctodeum
The AA. studied the autonomic and sensitive somatic innervation of some female bird's proctodeum, through the properly modified Ruffini's gold chloride method. The vegetative component was constituted by ganglion cells of different size, isolated or grouped to form ganglia, found along the course of nerve trunks or in the concurrent point of different nerve bundles. The sensitive somatic innervation was represented by free and encapsulated endings differently distributed in the thickness of the wall. The former were composed of thin networks, while the latter, located more frequently in the muscular tunica and in the subadventitial connective, were composed of encapsulated receptors classified as Pacini, Pacini-like and Herbst corpuscles. The morphology of these receptors was described and hypotheses were brought up about their probable functional role. The AA. also found, even if very rarely, helicoidal collagen fibres around nerve fascicles
Histochemical analysis of glycoconjugates in the domestic cat testis
The localization and characterization of
oligosaccharide sequences in the cat testis was
investigated using 12 lectins in combination with the Ăelimination
reaction, N-Glycosidase F and sialidase
digestion. Leydig cells expressed O-linked glycans with
terminal aGalNAc (HPA reactivity) and N-glycans with
terminal/internal aMan (Con A affinity). The basement
membrane showed terminal Neu5Aca2,6Gal/GalNAc,
GalĂ1,3GalNAc, a/ĂGalNAc, and GlcNAc (SNA, PNA,
HPA, SBA, GSA II reactivity) in O-linked oligosaccharides,
terminal GalĂ1,4GlcNAc (RCA120 staining)
and aMan in N-linked oligosaccharides; in addition,
terminal Neu5Aca2,3GalĂ1,4GlcNac, Forssman
pentasaccharide, aGal, aL-Fuc and internal GlcNAc
(MAL II, DBA, GSA I-B4, UEA I, KOH-sialidase-WGA
affinity) formed both O- and N-linked oligosaccharides.
The Sertoli cells cytoplasm contained terminal Neu5Ac-
GalĂ1,4GlcNAc, Neu5Ac-ĂGalNAc as well as internal
GlcNAc in O-linked glycans, aMan in N-linked
glycoproteins and terminal Neu5Aca2,6Gal/
GalNAc in both O- and N-linked oligosaccharides.
Spermatogonia exhibited cytoplasmic N-linked
glycoproteins with aMan residues. The spermatocytes
cytoplasm expressed terminal Neu5Aca2,3GalĂ1,4
GlcNAc and GalĂ1,3GalNAc in O-linked oligosaccharides,
terminal GalĂ1,4GlcNAc and a/ĂGalNAc
in N-linked glycoconjugates. The Golgi region showed
terminal Neu5aca2,3GalĂ1,4GlcNac, GalĂ1,4GlcNAc,
Forssman pentasaccharide, and aGalNAc in O-linked
oligosaccharides, aMan and terminal ĂGal in N-linked
oligosaccharides. The acrosomes of Golgi-phase
spermatids expressed terminal GalĂ1,3GalNAc,
GalĂ1,4GlcNAc, Forssmann pentasaccharide,
a/ĂGalNAc, aGal and internal GlcNAc in O-linked
oligosaccharides, terminal a/ĂGalNAc, aGal and
terminal/internal aMan in N-linked glycoproteins. The
acrosomes of cap-phase spermatids lacked internal
Forssman pentasaccharide and aGal, while having
increased a/ĂGalNAc. The acrosomes of elongated
spermatids did not show terminal GalĂ1,3GalNAc,
displayed terminal GalĂ1,4GlcNAc and a/ĂGalNAc in
N-glycans and Neu5Ac-GalĂ1,3GalNAc in O-linked
oligosaccharides
Brain morphology and immunohistochemical localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the bluefin tuna, <i>Thunnus thynnus</i>
The present study was focused on the morphology of the
diencephalic nuclei (likely involved in reproductive functions)
as well as on the distribution of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing
hormone) in the rhinencephalon, telencephalon and the
diencephalon of the brain of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)
by means of immunohistochemistry. Bluefin tuna has an
encephalization quotient (QE) similar to that of other large
pelagic fish. Its brain exhibits well-developed optic tecta and
corpus cerebelli. The diencephalic neuron cell bodies
involved in reproductive functions are grouped in two main
nuclei: the nucleus preopticus-periventricularis and the
nucleus lateralis tuberis. The nucleus preopticus-periventricularis
consists of the nucleus periventricularis and the nucleus
preopticus consisting of a few sparse multipolar neurons
in the rostral part and numerous cells closely packed and
arranged in several layers in its aboral part. The nucleus lateralis
tuberis is located in the ventral-lateral area of the
diencephalon and is made up of a number of large multipolar
neurones.
Four different polyclonal primary antibodies against salmon
(s)GnRH, chicken (c)GnRH-II (cGnRH-II 675, cGnRH-II 6)
and sea bream (sb)GnRH were employed in the immunohistochemical
experiments. No immunoreactive structures were
found with anti sbGnRH serum. sGnRH and cGnRH-II antisera
revealed immunoreactivity in the perikarya of the olfactory
bulbs, preopticus-periventricular nucleus, oculomotor
nucleus and midbrain tegmentum. The nucleus lateralis
tuberis showed immunostaining only with anti-sGnRH serum.
Nerve fibres immunoreactive to cGnRH and sGnRH sera were
found in the olfactory bulbs, olfactory nerve and neurohypophysis.
The significance of the distribution of the GnRHimmunoreactive
neuronal structures is discussed
Managing the long surviving HIV patient : a proposal for a multidimensional first-level diagnostic assessment
We propose a multidimensional first-level diagnostic assessment easy to use in routine clinical practice to allow infectious disease specialists to have a general and complete overview of persons living with HIV. Following the Delphi method, articles published from January 1, 2011 on controlled trials, clinical reports and observational studies dealing specifically with HIV and its co-morbidities were selected for review by the authors. Participants in the poll were selected among clinicians and infectious diseases specialists, working in 38 different dedicated HIV centres in Italy. The participants were given access to a website dedicated to the project and received a standardized information package containing a synopsis of the study and a description of the Delphi process and the selected literature. A total of 131 Items were divided into 10 first-level survey areas: anamnesis, objective examination, infectious diseases, osteoporosis diagnosis, metabolic pathologies diagnosis, cardiovascular diagnosis, nephrologic diagnosis, hepatological diagnosis, central nervous system diagnosis, evaluation of quality of life (QoL). This simple and concise first level tool identifies a few areas of multi-organ diagnostic assessment beyond the infectivity area. The identification of these areas will allow us to find shared and validated evaluation procedures with the intent to increase the likelihood of early recognition of patients at risk of comorbidity development, in order to facilitate more effective prevention, thereby reducing the overall impact on the quality of life of patients affected by this chronic illness
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