Using natural resource wealth to improve access to water and sanitation in Mozambique: A 2012 Australian Development Research Awards Scheme Project—Final Report, October 2015

The project “Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Sanitation in Mozambique” was funded by the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade through its 2012 Australian Development Research Awards Scheme programme. The project ran from May 2013 to October 2015 and sought to build the case for long-term investment in the water and sanitation sector in Mozambique. In particular, it considered the opportunities afforded by mining activity and associated revenue to address significant gaps in water supply and sanitation (WSS)

Characteristics of surveillance systems for suicide and self-harm: A scoping review

Background Suicide is a complex public health issue. Surveillance systems play a vital role in identifying trends and epidemiologic needs, informing public health strategies, and tailoring effective context-based suicide prevention interventions. Aim To identify and summarise the characteristics of specific surveillance systems and general health behaviour that include data on suicide and self-harm. Method A scoping review following the JBI recommendations and PRISMA-ScR guidelines identified 29 relevant studies on suicide and self-harm surveillance systems. A systematic search was performed on Cinahl, Embase, Lilacs—Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, PubMed—US National Library of Medicine, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The eligibility criteria include papers that use qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods with no restrictions on time or language. The following papers were excluded regarding euthanasia and assisted suicide, as well as papers that did not explicitly describe suicide, self-harm, and surveillance systems. Two researchers independently screened the materials for eligibility and extracted data from the included studies. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis. Results Twenty-nine references were included, and 30 surveillance systems were identified and classified into general health behaviour surveillance (n = 15) and specific systems for suicide and self-harm (n = 15). General health behaviour systems often operate at national data collection level, collecting non-fatal data in healthcare settings, mainly emergency departments. The specific systems exhibited greater variability in terms of context, involved actors, data collection level, data collection procedures, and case classification. Limitations found by the studies pointed mostly to case definitions and data quality. Co-production, intersectoral collaboration, clear case definition criteria and data standardisation are essential to improve surveillance systems for suicide and self-harm. Conclusions This review identified the characteristics of surveillance systems for suicide and self-harm. Monitoring and evaluation are crucial for ongoing relevance and impact on prevention efforts

Caracterização do vingamento da azeitona em cultivares de oliveira em autopolinização

O vingamento da azeitona é o resultado dos processos vegetativo e reprodutivo que decorrem durante o ciclo bianual da oliveira. O factor genético tem uma grande importância, mas diversos trabalhos experimentais concluíram existir uma preponderância dos factores ambientais. Neste trabalho experimental, realizado durante dois anos consecutivos com árvores adultas, em safra, de `Cobrançosa', `Conserva De Elvas', `Cordovil De Castelo Branco', `Galega Vulgar' e Picual' cultivadas em sequeiro, determinou-se a qualidade da flor e o vingamento de frutos em autopolinização. Em resultado dos dois anos de observação, apreciaram-se diferenças significativas entre anos e entre cultivares. Também se confirmou ser a oliveira uma espécie vegetal com uma produção excepcionalmente elevada de grãos de pólen. A variabilidade nos resultados obtidos poderá estar associada com a rusticidade da oliveira e a sua capacidade de adaptação às oscilações típicas do clima mediterrânico

Mitochondrial DNA and phylogeography of the grasshopper Trimerotropis pallidipennis in relation to clinal distribution of chromosome polymorphisms

Trimerotropis pallidipennis is an American grasshopper whose South American populations are polymorphic for pericentric inversions. Colonization of southern latitudes was by North American grasshoppers with basic chromosome arrangements, presumably along the Andean dry lands of South America. In Argentina, the frequencies of some of the rearrangements are correlated with geographical and climatic variables, following similar patterns among different ecological gradients, and are probably maintained by geographically variable coefficients of selection. Restriction site variation of mitochondrial DNA is used as a tool for determining the species history in relation to the formation of clines. Populations located along an altitudinal gradient, and others outside the cline, are analysed through phylogeographical studies. There is no strong geographical orientation in the unrooted tree connecting all 17 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes found. Many of them are present in most of the populations analysed, indicating high gene flow. The fact that there is no obvious differentiation in haplotype distribution between both extremes of the cline nor between chromosomally differentiated populations shows that the cline is not the result of a hybrid zone and reinforces the selection hypothesis. The estimation of the overall nucleotide divergence between the hypothetical ancestral haplotype and the other molecules shows that T. pallidipennis haplotypes started diverging from each other about 3 Myr ago. This result is in agreement with the time when the Isthmus of Panama rose (2-3 Myr ago), probably favouring the migration of many species between both hemispheres.Fil:Confalonieri, V.A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.Fil:Sequeira, A.S. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.Fil:Todaro, L. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.Fil:Vilardi, J.C. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Association between postpartum depression and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the first three months of life

Objective: To investigate the association between postpartum depression and the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the states of the Northeast region, during the vaccination campaign in 2010. The sample consisted of 2583 mother–child pairs, with children aged from 15 days to 3 months. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to screen for postpartum depression. The outcome was lack of exclusive breastfeeding, defined as the occurrence of this practice in the 24 h preceding the interview. Postpartum depression was the explanatory variable of interest and the covariates were: socioeconomic and demographic conditions; maternal health care; prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care; and the child's biological factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to control for possible confounding factors. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 50.8% of the infants and 11.8% of women had symptoms of postpartum depression. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a higher chance of exclusive breastfeeding absence was found among mothers with symptoms of postpartum depression (OR = 1.67; p < 0.001), among younger subjects (OR = 1.89; p < 0.001), those who reported receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família Program (OR = 1.25; p = 0.016), and those started antenatal care later during pregnancy (OR = 2.14; p = 0.032). Conclusions: Postpartum depression contributed to reducing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, this disorder should be included in the prenatal and early postpartum support guidelines for breastfeeding, especially in low socioeconomic status women. Resumo: Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre a depressão pós-parto e a ocorrência do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Método: Estudo de corte transversal realizado nos estados da região Nordeste, durante a campanha de vacinação de 2010. A amostra consistiu de 2583 binômios mães-crianças com idade entre 15 dias e 3 meses. Utilizou-se a Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo para rastrear a depressão pós-parto. O desfecho consistiu da ausência de aleitamento materno exclusivo nas 24 horas que antecederam a entrevista. A depressão pós-parto foi variável explanatória de interesse e as covariáveis foram: as condições socioeconômicas e demográficas, assistência pré-natal, ao parto e pós-natal, e fatores da criança. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística multivariada com o objetivo de controlar possíveis fatores de confusão. Resultados: A amamentação exclusiva foi observada em 50,8% das crianças e 11,8% das mulheres apresentaram sintomatologia indicativa de depressão pós-parto. Na análise de regressão logística multivariada foi verificada uma maior chance de ausência do aleitamento materno exclusivo entre as mães com sintomas de depressão pós-parto (OR = 1,67; p < 0,001). Conclusões: A depressão pós-parto contribuiu para redução da prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Assim sendo, esse transtorno deveria ser incluído nas orientações de suporte desde o pré-natal e nos primeiros meses pós-parto, especialmente, em mulheres de baixo nível socioeconômico. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Postpartum depression, Weaning, Infants, Child care, Antenatal care, Palavras-chave: Aleitamento materno, Depressão pós-parto, Desmame precoce, Lactentes, Cuidado da criança, Assistência pré-nata

Association between postpartum depression and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the first three months of life

Objective: To investigate the association between postpartum depression and the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding. Method: This is a cross‐sectional study conducted in the states of the Northeast region, during the vaccination campaign in 2010. The sample consisted of 2583 mother–child pairs, with children aged from 15 days to 3 months. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to screen for postpartum depression. The outcome was lack of exclusive breastfeeding, defined as the occurrence of this practice in the 24 h preceding the interview. Postpartum depression was the explanatory variable of interest and the covariates were: socioeconomic and demographic conditions; maternal health care; prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care; and the child's biological factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to control for possible confounding factors. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 50.8% of the infants and 11.8% of women had symptoms of postpartum depression. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a higher chance of exclusive breastfeeding absence was found among mothers with symptoms of postpartum depression (OR = 1.67; p < 0.001), among younger subjects (OR = 1.89; p < 0.001), those who reported receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família Program (OR = 1.25; p = 0.016), and those started antenatal care later during pregnancy (OR = 2.14; p = 0.032). Conclusions: Postpartum depression contributed to reducing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, this disorder should be included in the prenatal and early postpartum support guidelines for breastfeeding, especially in low socioeconomic status women