Magnetospheric considerations for solar system ice state

The current lattice configuration of the water ice on the surfaces of the inner satellites of Jupiter and Saturn is likely shaped by many factors. But laboratory experiments have found that energetic proton irradiation can cause a transition in the structure of pure water ice from crystalline to amorphous. It is not known to what extent this process is competitive with other processes in solar system contexts. For example, surface regions that are rich in water ice may be too warm for this effect to be important, even if the energetic proton bombardment rate is very high. In this paper, we make predictions, based on particle flux levels and other considerations, about where in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn the ∼MeV proton irradiation mechanism should be most relevant. Our results support the conclusions of Hansen and McCord (2004), who related relative level of radiation on the three outer Galilean satellites to the amorphous ice content within the top 1 mm of surface. We argue here that if magnetospheric effects are considered more carefully, the correlation is even more compelling. Crystalline ice is by far the dominant ice state detected on the inner Saturnian satellites and, as we show here, the flux of bombarding energetic protons onto these bodies is much smaller than at the inner Jovian satellites. Therefore, the ice on the Saturnian satellites also corroborates the correlation

From Interstellar Ice Grains to Evolved Planetary Systems: The Role of Laboratory Studies

Interstellar matter and star formatio

Extended Analysis of HIV Infection in Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex with Men Receiving Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: HPTN 083

HPTN 083 demonstrated that injectable cabotegravir (CAB) was superior to oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men. We previously analyzed 58 infections in the blinded phase of HPTN 083 (16 in the CAB arm and 42 in the TDF-FTC arm). This report describes 52 additional infections that occurred up to 1 year after study unblinding (18 in the CAB arm and 34 in the TDF-FTC arm). Retrospective testing included HIV testing, viral load testing, quantification of study drug concentrations, and drug resistance testing. The new CAB arm infections included 7 with CAB administration within 6 months of the first HIV-positive visit (2 with on-time injections, 3 with ≥1 delayed injection, and 2 who restarted CAB) and 11 with no recent CAB administration. Three cases had integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance (2 with on-time injections and 1 who restarted CAB). Among 34 CAB infections analyzed to date, diagnosis delays and INSTI resistance were significantly more common in infections with CAB administration within 6 months of the first HIV-positive visit. This report further characterizes HIV infections in persons receiving CAB preexposure prophylaxis and helps define the impact of CAB on the detection of infection and the emergence of INSTI resistance

Qualitative methodology for efficient food chain design

This paper presents a methodology to efficiently design food supply chains. The goals of quality, cost and environmental load are looked at independently of each other. Food chains are made up of links and are designed to deliver a particular product with consumer-specified attributes. These attributes are used to select the goals (quality, cost and environment load) to optimise the chain. The methodology presents a systematic way to identify problem areas in supply chains. The entire chain from primary production up to and including consumer processing influences the final product; but the relative contribution of the links varies according to the goal for which the chain is being designed and optimised. Case studies on a novel protein food made from pea protein are presented to showcase the methodolog

Food chain design using multi criteria decision making, an approach to complex design issues

Designing a food supply chain for a completely new product involves many stakeholders and knowledge from disciplines in natural and social sciences. This paper describes how Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) facilitated designing a food supply chain in a case of Novel Protein Foods. It made the procedure transparent and aided the evaluation of alternatives. Two models, namely the Multi Attribute Value Theory (MAVT) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), were used, due to the ease with which they handle a mix of quantitative and qualitative information, quantify the qualitative information and generate an overall value for each alternative. The resulting preference order differed mainly due to the manner in which criteria weights were elicited, alternatives scored and the use of scales in MAVT versus the pairwise comparison in AHP. However, the preference order of the top criteria with both methods was the same and weights were similar

Food chain design using multi criteria decision making, an approach to complex design issues

Designing a food supply chain for a completely new product involves many stakeholders and knowledge from disciplines in natural and social sciences. This paper describes how Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) facilitated designing a food supply chain in a case of Novel Protein Foods. It made the procedure transparent and aided the evaluation of alternatives. Two models, namely the Multi Attribute Value Theory (MAVT) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), were used, due to the ease with which they handle a mix of quantitative and qualitative information, quantify the qualitative information and generate an overall value for each alternative. The resulting preference order differed mainly due to the manner in which criteria weights were elicited, alternatives scored and the use of scales in MAVT versus the pairwise comparison in AHP. However, the preference order of the top criteria with both methods was the same and weights were similar

Food chain design using multi criteria decision making, an approach to complex design issues

Designing a food supply chain for a completely new product involves many stakeholders and knowledge from disciplines in natural and social sciences. This paper describes how Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) facilitated designing a food supply chain in a case of Novel Protein Foods. It made the procedure transparent and aided the evaluation of alternatives. Two models, namely the Multi Attribute Value Theory (MAVT) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), were used, due to the ease with which they handle a mix of quantitative and qualitative information, quantify the qualitative information and generate an overall value for each alternative. The resulting preference order differed mainly due to the manner in which criteria weights were elicited, alternatives scored and the use of scales in MAVT versus the pairwise comparison in AHP. However, the preference order of the top criteria with both methods was the same and weights were similar