Effect of reaction conditions on the lifetime of SAPO-34 catalysts in methanol to olefins process – A review

There is a rising demand for light olefins production to meet the increase in human population, burgeoning transportation network and rapid pace of industrialization. Methanol-to-olefins (MTO) conversion process is the most preferentially-selected route to synthesize olefins even though obtaining the high selectivity remains a challenge to this day. Methanol is industrially-produced via two-steps catalytic routes, viz. gasification of coal to syngas followed by syngas conversion. Due to the abundance of methanol, conversion of methanol to light olefins (ethylene and propylene) or polyolefins (polypropylene and high-density polyethylene) is most desired. Although, natural gas or syngas routes are well established and implemented at industrial level but still direct or indirect transformation of methanol to petrochemicals gained core interest. Significantly, the use of molecular sieves as a catalyst support or directly as a catalyst has been an area of active commercial developments for the past two decades. The engineered molecular sieves possess specialized topographical structure that can efficiently reduce the rate of coke deposition, enhance mass transport and improve the catalytic performance, viz. lifetime and olefins selectivity for methanol to olefins reaction. In this regard, the SAPOs molecular sieves are highly selective for the synthesis of ethylene and propylene. Among them, SAPO-34 molecular sieves exhibit the best performance for the MTO process. The current review highlights the importance of SAPO-34 supported catalysts in terms of lower chain hydrocarbon (C2–C4) selectivity, lower paraffinic and aromatic by-products ratio, catalyst stability, and renderability. In addition, the conditions causing the SAPO-34 catalysts deactivation such as coking, crystal size, water content, pressure metal incorporation, acid site strength, and influence of process conditions on triglyceride-based feeds are also thoroughly reviewed

A review on electrical and thermal energy for industries

Energy is a vital input for social and economic development of any nation. Currently the industrial sector is consuming about 37% of the world's total delivered energy use for diverse activities in manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and construction. It was reported that global industrial energy consumption is estimated to grow from 5.129E+07 GWh in 2006 to 7.198E+07 GWh in 2030 for the next 25 years. Presently, fossil fuel based energy such as oil, coal, and natural gas are the major sources of energy for industrial activities. Over 80% of total industrial energy needs are met by fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide which is responsible for negative impacts to the environment. This paper aims at reviewing diverse types of fuels used in industries. It starts with reviewing world fuel consumption trends, world carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption trends in industry. Characteristics including fuels energy contents, density, composition, emissions factors and many others factors have also been reviewed. This paper also reflects the possibility of using alternative fuels in industries. It has been found that switching to alternative fuels can offer many social and economic advantages and will result in a positive impact on the environment. Moreover, many alternative fuels have been found to have good energy content those are comparable with fossil fuels

A study of biodiesel production from crude jatropha oil (CJO) with high level of free fatty acids

A two step-transesterification process was adopted to produce biodiesel from crudejatropha oil in lab scale and pilot plant. The crude jatropha oil used was sourced with high different level of free fatty acids. The first sample (FFA= 4.5%) was subjected to pretreatment step under reaction condition of 0.225 v/v sulfuric acid (H2SO4), 6: 1 w/w methanol (MeOH) to oil mole ratio, reaction temperature of 65 C, and 180 min of reaction time. Meanwhile, the second jatropha oil sample (FFA= 8%) was subjected to pretreatment process in pilot </p

The effects on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of DICI engine fuelled with TiO2 nanoparticles addition in diesel/biodiesel/n-butanol blends

In this study, waste cooking oil biodiesel was mixed with titanium dioxide (TiO2), a metal-based nano particle, and n-butanol (C4H9OH) along with euro diesel to examine their effects on diesel engines. Various ratio of fuel blends were prepared with TiO2 nano particles-diesel-biodiesel and n-butanol. The tests fuels were euro diesel (D100), biodiesel (B100), B20, B20 + TiO2, B20But10 and B20But10 + TiO2, respectively. Thermo-physical properties such as density, pour point, cloud point, cold filter clogging point, flash point and kinematic viscosity of all test fuels were determined followed by investigating engine performance parameters such as torque, power, fuel consumption and etc. Combustion analysis was also investigated. In addition, the effects on emissions such as CO, CO2, HC, NO and smoke opacity were also carried out. The addition of n-butanol to the fuel blends substantially affected density, kinematic viscosity and cold flow properties, while the addition of TiO2 has not much effect on these properties. For all tested fuels, the maximum brake engine torque and power were recorded at approximately 1400 rpm and 2800 rpm, respectively. The addition of TiO2 increased the brake engine torque and power 10.20% and 9.74% and decreased the brake specific fuel consumption 27.73% and 28.37%, respectively compared to blends without TiO2 additive. TiO2 additive increases the maximum cylinder pressure and heat release rate, as a result improved the engine performance and combustion. The addition of n-butanol in the fuel blend increased the maximum cylinder pressure and heat release rate values in comparison to euro diesel. The results of exhaust emission showed a decrease in CO, HC and smoke opacity emissions, whereas increased CO2 and NO emission, except the use of n-butanol reduced the values of NO emission, in comparison to euro diesel and without TiO2 additive. The results show that biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil, n-butanol and TiO2 additive can be used in diesel engines at certain proportion and that the additive materials improve the combustion characteristics, engine performance and exhaust gas emission. © 2018 Elsevier Lt

Techno-economic analysis and environmental impact of fuel economy labels for passenger cars in Indonesia

In Indonesia, the transportation sector is the third largest energy consuming sector (28%) after the industrial and residential sector. Transport energy consumption is mostly driven by the road sub-sector. In order to reduce fuel consumption and emissions production in the transportation sector, fuel economy labels for passenger cars have been introduced globally. Labelling could play an important role in consumers' vehicle purchasing decisions between similar vehicles that have different fuel efficiency ratings. Currently, Indonesia does not have fuel economy labels. However, it is expected that fuel economy labels will be implemented in the near future due to the growth of passenger cars and the increasing demand for oil. This study is to calculate potential techno economic analysis and emissions reduction when implementing fuel economy labels for passenger cars in Indonesia. It has been found that fuel economy labels will save a significant amount of fuel, economical benefits and emissions reduction in this country. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Pangium edule reinw: A promising non-edible oil feedstock for biodiesel production

Biodiesel production from non-edible feedstocks is currently drawing much attention due to legitimate concerns about the effects of using edible oil for fuel. Pangium edule Reinw is a non-edible feedstock. Pangium is a tall tree native to the Micronesia, Melanesia and the mangrove swamps of South-East Asia. In this study, biodiesel production and characterization from P. edule oil was reported. The seeds were obtained from Bogor, Indonesia. The oil was found to have an acid value of 19.62 mg KOH/g oil. Therefore, a two-step acid-base-catalysed transesterification was used to produce biodiesel. This was followed by evaluating the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and its blends with diesel. It has been found that the determined properties of P. edule methyl ester indicate that the oil can be considered as a future biodiesel source. The most remarkable feature of P. edule is its cloud, pour and cold filter plugging points. This biodiesel yielded cloud, pour and cold filter plugging points of -6, -4 and -8 A degrees C, respectively. This indicates the viability of using this biodiesel in cold countries. Therefore, it is suggested that more research should be conducted on P. edule for future biodiesel production

Evaluation, characterization, and engine performance of complementary fuel blends of butanol–biodiesel–diesel from Aleurites moluccanus as potential alternative fuels for CI engines

Biodiesel has gained worldwide attention due to its renewable aspects. However, it needs more quality improvement. Recently, butanol has been considered as a favorable alternative fuel or additive over methanol and ethanol in compression ignition (CI) engines. In this regard, the present work deals with the evaluation of butanol–diesel–biodiesel blends as potential alternative fuels. In this work, biodiesel has been produced from Aleurites moluccanus oil followed by blending with Euro-diesel and butanol. Important characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, density and cloud point besides FT-IR, UV-vis spectra, TGA, DSC and NMR (13C and 1H) were analyzed. Some important engine and emission performance parameters, such as BP, BSFC, CO, HC, NOx and EGT were also studied in this work. Results revealed that blending butanol and Euro-diesel with biodiesel improves the properties of pure biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity (2.41–3.55 mm2/s) and density (841.8–884.6 kg/m3), while maintaining an acceptable range for cold flow properties that are analogous to Euro-diesel. In addition, reduction in BP (24.65–26.35%), HC (52.57–38.71%), and CO (39.18–30.4%) was observed for all the blends at full load compared to Euro-diesel. However, increases in both BSFC (38.17–41.14%) and NOx (24.18–8.35%) were observed. Overall, the blends appear to be good alternatives to biodiesel–diesel blends. Thus, butanol–biodiesel–diesel blends can be considered as potential sustainable fuels for fossil diesel. © The Author(s) 2018

Characterization of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Biodiesel Blends with Euro Diesel, Butanol and Diethyl Ether Using FT-IR, UV–Vis, TGA and DSC Techniques

Blending biodiesel&ndash;diesel blends with alternative fuels such as butanol and diethyl ether becomes an interesting area of research. Butanol is becoming a popular fuel due to its renewable nature and superior properties compared to ethanol. Diethyl ether can be considered as a renewable fuel as it can be produced from bioethanol through easy dehydration process. This paper aims to study the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced from Hemp (Cannabis sativa&nbsp;L.) and its blends with Euro diesel, butanol and diethyl ether. Furthermore, characterizations such as DSC, FT-IR, UV&ndash;Vis and TGA were also analyzed. Most of the properties of biodiesel satisfy EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards except iodine value and oxidation stability due to the high degree of unsaturation (128.549). Blending of hemp biodiesel with Euro diesel, butanol and diethyl ether improved the cold flow properties, kinematic viscosity and density. However, flash point decreased dramatically specially when blending with diethyl ether due to its low flash point. Therefore, care should be taken when handling or transporting biodiesel&ndash;diesel&ndash;diethyl ether blends. This work supports that blending Hemp methyl ester with Euro diesel, butanol and diethyl ether as ternary blends (up to 20%) can be considered as alternatives to fossil diesel in CI diesel engines. Therefore, it is recommended that engine, emissions and combustion characteristics of all blends shall be further investigated.</p