Jogo ciberrealidade como um implemento de impacto de conflito sobre a segurança nacional da Federação Russa

The research objective is the identification of the negative image of the Russian state in computer games of the western developers. The characteristics and tendencies are given in the development of virtual game space from the first person (shooters) where the image of the enemy of the Russian origin is created. Virtual game communications are considered as a special form of social interaction on the Internet where technologies of political convictions and increase in level of hostility of rather specially chosen object are approved.The research has cross-disciplinary character. When studying virtual game network space authors used structurally functional and sociocultural approach.Computer games can serve as platform for the information wars, first of all, directed against the Russian youth.Destructive communicative strategy is used in the computer games devoted to World War II where the role and value of participation of the Soviet Union in a victory over fascist Germany is leveled. It is reached in fictional images of Russia in virtual reality which do not relies on objective reality of historical process and carries a negative connotation.Computer games are time the tool which can put motives of political and ideological hatred, xenophobia or hostility concerning any social group or the country.El objetivo de la investigación es la identificación de la imagen negativa del estado ruso en los juegos de computadora de los desarrolladores occidentales. Se dan las características y tendencias en el desarrollo del espacio de juego virtual de la primera persona (tiradores) donde se crea la imagen del enemigo del origen ruso. Las comunicaciones de juegos virtuales se consideran como una forma especial de interacción social en Internet donde se aprueban las tecnologías de convicciones políticas y el aumento en el nivel de hostilidad, especialmente, del objeto elegido. La investigación tiene carácter interdisciplinario. Al estudiar el espacio virtual de red de juegos, los autores utilizaron un enfoque estructuralmente funcional y sociocultural. Los juegos de computadora pueden servir como plataforma para las guerras de información, en primer lugar, dirigidas contra la juventud rusa. La estrategia destructiva de comunicación se usa en los juegos de computadora dedicados a la Segunda Guerra Mundial donde se nivela el papel y el valor de la participación de la Unión Soviética en una victoria sobre la Alemania fascista. Se alcanza en imágenes ficticias de Rusia en la realidad virtual que no se basa en la realidad objetiva del proceso histórico y conlleva una connotación negativa. Los juegos de computadora son la herramienta del tiempo que puede poner motivos de odio político e ideológico, xenofobia u hostilidad con respecto a cualquier grupo social o país. Objetivo de pesquisa é a identificação em jogos de computador dos desenvolvedores ocidentais de projetar a imagem negativa do estado russo. A característica é dada a características e tendências de desenvolvimento do espaço de jogo virtual da primeira pessoa (atiradores) onde a imagem do inimigo da origem russa é criada. As comunicações de jogos virtuais são consideradas como uma forma especial de interação social na Internet, onde tecnologias de convicções políticas e aumento no nível de hostilidade de objetos especialmente escolhidos são aprovadas.A pesquisa tem caráter interdisciplinar. Ao estudar o espaço da rede de jogos virtuais, os autores usaram uma abordagem estruturalmente funcional e sociocultural.Os jogos de computador podem servir de plataforma para as guerras informativas, antes de tudo dirigidas contra os jovens russos.A estratégia comunicativa destrutiva é usada nos jogos de computador dedicados à Segunda Guerra Mundial, onde o papel e o valor da participação da União Soviética na vitória sobre a Alemanha fascista são nivelados. Ele é alcançado em imagens fictícias da Rússia em realidade virtual que não se baseia na realidade objetiva do processo histórico e carrega uma conotação negativa.Os jogos de computador são o momento da ferramenta que pode colocar motivos de ódio político, ideológico, xenofobia ou hostilidade em relação a qualquer grupo social ou ao país

Clinical and biochemical markers of coronary artery calcification progression after elective coronary artery bypass grafting

Aim. To assess the relationship of various clinical and biological markers of bone metabolism with the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) within 5 years after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Material and methods. This single-center prospective observational study included 111 men with CAD who were hospitalized for elective CABG. In the preoperative period, all patients underwent duplex ultrasound of extracranial arteries (ECA) and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) to assess CAC severity using the Agatston score, as well as densitometry with determination of bone mineral density in the femoral neck, lumbar spine and T-score for them, In all participants, the following bone metabolism biomarkers were studied: calcium, phosphorus, calcitonin, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone. Five years after CABG, ECA duplex ultrasound, MSCT coronary angiography and bone metabolism tests were repeated. Depending on CAC progression (>100 Agatston units (AU)), patients were divided into two groups to identify significant biomarkers and clinical risk factors associated with CAC progression.Results. For 5 years after CABG, contact with 16 (14,4%) patients was not possible; however, their vital status was assessed (they were alive). Death was recorded in 4 (3,6%) cases (3 — due to myocardial infarction, 1 — due to stroke). In 18 (19,7%) cases, non-fatal endpoints were revealed: angina recurrence after CABG — 16 patients, myocardial infarction — 1 patient, emergency stenting for unstable angina — 1 patient. There were no differences in the incidence of events between the groups with and without CAC progression. According to MSCT 5 years after CABG (n=91 (81,9%)), CAC progression was detected in 60 (65,9%) patients. Multivariate analysis allowed to create a model for predicting the risk of CAC progression, which included following parameters: cathepsin K <16,75 pmol/L (p=0,003) and bone mineral density <0,95 g/cm3 according to femoral neck densitometry before CABG (p=0,016); OPG <3,58 pg/ml (p=0,016) in the postoperative period 5 years after CABG.Conclusion. Within 5 years after CABG, 65,9% of male patients with stable coronary artery disease have CAC progression, the main predictors of which are low preoperative cathepsin K level (<16,75 pmol/L) and low bone mineral density (<0,95 g/cm3) according to femoral neck densitometry, as well as a low OPG level (<3,58 pg/ml) 5 years after CABG

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ КОНТРОЛИРУЕМЫХ И ДОМАШНИХ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ТРЕНИРОВОК АМБУЛАТОРНОГО ЭТАПА РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ ПОСЛЕ КОРОНАРНОГО ШУНТИРОВАНИЯ

The purpose. To assess the impact of the three-month supervised and home-based physical trainings in the outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program on exercise tolerance and double product in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Material and methods: 114 male patients of working age with coronary artery disease (CAD) who have undergone CABG were examined. Patients were enrolled into three groups: Group 1 − patients undergoing supervised cycling trainings (SCT) (n = 36), Group 2 − patients undergoing home-based trainings (HBT) (n = 36) and the control group without any exercise trainings (n = 42). The following parameters were assessed: the six-minute walk test (6MWT) value, exercise tolerance (ET) and double product (DP), determined by the cycle ergometer test (CET) prior to surgery, 1, 4 months and 1 year after CABG.Results: The 6MWT value increased by 9% in the SCT group, by 6% in the HBT group, and by 1% in the control group during the outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program. ET significantly increased in all study groups according to the analysis of exercise tolerance by the CET 4 months after CABG. However, the improvement was more pronounced in patients with SCT compared to other groups. One year after CABG, this difference balanced between the study groups. DP, assessed by the CET, significantly increased in patients undergoing SCT (p = 0.01), compared to other groups. There were no significant differences found in the rate of cardiovascular events between the study groups.Conclusion: Home-based trainings are inferior to SCT in the outpatient settings, but they are safe and may improve significantly the 6MWT values compared to patients in the control group. Therefore, home-based trainings may be recommended to patients, if they cannot visit the rehabilitation center.Цель. Оценить влияние трехмесячного курса контролируемых и домашних физических тренировок (ФТ) амбулаторного этапа реабилитации на толерантность к физической нагрузке, показатель «двойного произведения» у пациентов, подвергшихся операции коронарного шунтирования (КШ). Материалы и методы. Обследовано 114 мужчин трудоспособного возраста с ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС), перенесших КШ. Пациенты были разделены на три группы: группа пациентов с контролируемыми велотренировками (ВТ) (n=36), группа пациентов с домашними тренировками ДТ (n=36) и группа сравнения, наблюдающаяся в поликлинике по месту жительства, без ФТ (n=42). Оценивали показатели теста шестиминутной ходьбы (ТШХ), толерантность к физической нагрузке (ТФН) и двойное произведение (ДП) по результатам велоэргометрии (ВЭМ) до операции, через 1 месяц, 4 месяца и через год после КШ. Результаты. За время тренировок показатели ТШХ возросли в группе ВТ на 9%, в группе ДТ – на 6%, в группе без ФТ – на 1%. При анализе переносимости физической нагрузки по данным ВЭМ, через 4 месяца после КШ ТФН достоверно увеличилась во всех сравниваемых группах, но более выраженно это увеличение отмечалось у пациентов с ВТ в сравнении с двумя другими группами. Однако через год после КШ это преимущество утрачивалось. ДП, оцененное при ВЭМ, на фоне тренировок достоверно увеличилось только у пациентов в группе с ВТ (р=0,01). В двух других группах достоверного прироста данного показателя не отмечалось. По количеству развития сердечно-сосудистых событий сравниваемые группы не различались. Заключение. Домашние физические тренировки уступают в эффективности ВТ в условиях лечебного учреждения, однако безопасны и значимо улучшают показатели ТФН в сравнении с пациентами без ФТ, а потому могут быть рекомендованы пациентам при невозможности посещения ими реабилитационного центра

Свойства на-несенных на θ-Al2O3 гетерополисоединений в процессе улав-ливания NOх по данным ИК- спектроскопии in situ

It was shown that carrying a small (up to 1%) amount of a heteropoly compound increases the adsorption of NOx as compared to the original carrier. The increase in adsorption is due to the oxidation of NO to NO2 on the carried heteropoly compound. The main adsorption factors are nitrite and nitrate complexes. Their place of localization is the carrier. As temperature increases, the complexes change to nitrates. The presence of ions of varying valencies in the composition of the Kegin anion reduces the strength of the bond of the nitrate complexes with the surface. The ions that are not in the Kegin anion increase the bond strength. The change in the strength of the bond of nitrates with the surface of the carrier is owned to the carrier modification, which results from disintegration of a part of the carried heteropoly compound.С использованием ИК-спектроскопии in situ в режиме термодесорбции проведено исследование механизма активации оксидов азота на массивных гетерополисоединениях, а также состава адсорбционных комплексов, места их локализации, стабильности, механизма взаимных превращений на нанесенных на θ-Al2O3 гетерополисоединениях. Показано, что нанесение небольшого (до 1%) количества гетерополисоединения увеличивает адсорбцию NOх по сравнению с чистым носителем. Увеличение адсорбции связано с окислением NO до NO2 на нанесенном гетерополисоединении. Основными формами адсорбции являются нитритные и нитратные комплексы, которые локализуются на носителе. С повышением температуры нитритные комплексы превращаются в нитратные. Присутствие ионов переменной валентности в составе аниона Кегина уменьшает прочность связи нитратных комплексов с поверхностью; ионы, не входящие в состав аниона Кегина, увеличивают прочность связи. Изменение прочности связи нитратов с поверхностью носителя происходит в результате модифицирования носителя за счет деструкции части нанесенного гетерополисоединения

Plant communities with naturalized Elaeagnus angustifolia L. as a new vegetation element in Altai Krai (Southwestern Siberia, Russia)

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) is a deciduous small tree or large multi-stemmed shrub that becomes invader in different countries all other the world. It is potentially invasive in some regions of Russia. In the beginning of 20th century, it was introduced to the steppe region of Altai Krai (Russia, southwestern Siberia) to prevent wind erosion. During last 20 years, Russian olive starts to create its own natural stands and to influence on native vegetation. This article presents the results of eco-coenotic survey of natural plant communities dominated by Elaeagnus angustifolia L. first described for Siberia and the analysis of their possible syntaxonomic position. The investigation conducted during summer season 2012 in the steppe region of Altai Krai allows revealing one new for Siberia association Elytrigio repentis–Elaeagnetum angustifoliae and no-ranged community Bromopsis inermis–Elaeagnus angustifolia which were included to the Class Nerio–Tamaricetea, to the Order Tamaricetalia ramosissimae. During the study, the following special features of communities have been described: polydominance of herbal layer, anthropogenic and grazing load, variation of the species richness, plant cover and vertical stratification into layers. These peculiarities mostly prove unestablished character of communities, all of them are relatively young (25–30 years). Russian olive shrubberies varies in moisture and saline regime, which connected with their existence in different landforms (lake alluvial plains, gentle slopes of lakes, low lake terraces)

Cardiovascular Comorbidity: Patient with Coronary Artery Disease and Peripheral Artery Atherosclerosis. How to Identify and Manage the Risks of Ischemic Events?

Modern data on comorbidity in coronary artery disease (CAD) are presented in the article, as well as its frequency, dependence on the age, clinical and prognostic significance, and increasing relevance for practical health care. The positions of one of the components of cardiovascular comorbidity – multifocal atherosclerosis – are presented. The existing approaches to the detection and clinical assessment of multifocal atherosclerosis, as well as to the management of the high risk of ischemic events in such patients, are outlined. The main positions on the prevention of the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with CAD and atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries using a combination of the anticoagulant – rivaroxaban and the antiplatelet agent – acetylsalicylic acid, are highlighted on the basis of the results of clinical studies. Promising possibilities of using such a therapeutic approach to the management of comorbid patients in routine clinical practice are presented

Methods of teaching the educational discipline "Road Safety" for students of higher professional education organizations

Обозначена проблема удовлетворения потребностей общества в высококвалифицированных специалистах в области обеспечения безопасности жизнедеятельности, в частности, безопасности дорожного движения, что на сегодняшний день очень актуально для нашей страны. Представлена организация творческого подхода к осуществлению учебного процесса, сочетанию традиционных и новых методов обучения в связи с их влиянием на результаты подготовки специалистов. Рассмотрены вопросы методики преподавания учебной дисциплины «Безопасность дорожного движения». Дана характеристика этапам проведения занятия. Представлен примерный план занятия по теме «Основы безопасности движения». Статья адресована преподавателям, ведущим дисциплину «Безопасность дорожного движения» в системе высшего и среднего профессионального образования, а также студентам, обучающимся по данной программе.The article outlines the problem of meeting the need of society in highly qualified specialists in the field of life safety, road safety, in particular, that is very relevant for our country today. The article presents the organization of a creative approach to implement the educational process, to combine traditional and new teaching methods, due to their influence on the results of training specialists. The article deals with the issues of teaching methods of the academic discipline Road Safety. The article presents the characteristics of the stages of the lesson and an exemplary lesson plan on the topic "Fundamentals of Traffic Safety". The article is addressed to teachers who teach the discipline Road Safety in the system of higher and secondary vocational education, as well as students enrolled in this program

IMPACT OF GENDER AND AGE ON IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES OF CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

Aim. To evaluate the impact of age and gender on in-hospital outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods. 538 (79.10 %) men and 142 (20.90 %) women ( n = = 680) in the CABG registry of the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular who were referred to CABG in the period from 2011 to 2012 were retrospectively reviewed to assess the prevalence of comorbidities and estimate the in-hospital outcomes. The mean age of patients was 59.12 ± 7.98 (33 to 78 years). All patients were assigned to 4 age groups: Group 1 - 70 years. The statistical analysis was performed using the software package SPSS 20.0.1. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Women were commonly older than men and had a positive history of hypertension, chronic heart failure and higher angina class, obesity, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, non-ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (gastritis, cholecystitis and / or pancreatitis). The male group was superior to the female group in the number of smokers and prior myocardial infarction. The incidence of first detected atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, as well as ischemic strokes, congestive pneumonia increased with aging in both men and women within the in-hospital period. However, women, particularly from the younger age group (<50 years), more frequently suffered from ischemic strokes, GI bleedings, exacerbation of erosive gastritis, compared with men. Women from the older age group commonly had hydrothorax requiring pleural puncture, surgical wound healing complications, and exacerbation or / the first detected duodenal and / or stomach ulcers, compared to men. Conclusion: Female gender is associated with a significantly higher rate of the in-hospital complications compared to men. However, the impact of gender is mediated by age differences between men and women undergoing CABG