Theoretical and experimental investigation of the destruction of graphites in a flow of dissociated air

A method is presented for calculating the heating and erosion of blunt bodies made of graphite in a high-enthalpy flow of dissociated air, assuming chemical equilibrium on the surface and taking account of the thermal effects of combustion and sublimation of graphite. The analysis involves the use of a finite difference scheme to solve an equation of unsteady heat conduction. Attention is given to the equilibrium vaporization of C, C2 and C3 molecules. The calculations agree well with experimental data for a wide range of temperatures and stagnation pressures

Analysis of optical magnetoelectric effect in GaFeO_3

We study the optical absorption spectra in a polar ferrimagnet GaFeO_3. We consider the E1, E2 and M1 processes on Fe atoms. It is shown that the magnetoelectric effect on the absorption spectra arises from the E1-M1 interference process through the hybridization between the 4p and 3d states in the noncentrosymmetry environment of Fe atoms. We perform a microscopic calculation of the spectra on a cluster model of FeO_6 consisting of an octahedron of O atoms and an Fe atom displaced from the center with reasonable values for Coulomb interaction and hybridization. We obtain the magnetoelectric spectra, which depend on the direction of magnetization, as a function of photon energy in the optical region 1.0-2.5 eV, in agreement with the experiment.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure

Effect of Stress on Irradiation-induced Creep and Swelling of Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti Steel Pressurized Specimens Irradiated in the BOR-60 Reactor

The paper presents the data on the effect of stress of various signs on the irradiationinduced creep strain and swelling of austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti steel pressurized specimens. The pressurized specimens of standard and contoured geometry were irradiated in the BOR-60 reactor up to the damage dose of 90 and 36 dpa, accordingly,under various stress levels applied. Presented are the data resulted from TEM investigations of pressurized specimens performed with the use of the transmission electron microscope

Методология проектирования объектов дорожного сервиса автомобилей

In modern methods of technological design, the capacity of service facilities depends on the number of cars entering them per unit of time. At the same time, regardless of the type of service object, the number of visits is somehow associated with intensity of the vehicle traffic on a given road, as well as with one of the characteristics that determine speed of this event. Such a characteristic, for example, for service or maintenance stations is intensity of vehicle failures, for fuelling stations – intensity of fuel consumption, for hotels and parking lots – intensity of the onset of fatigue for drivers and passengers. This gives ground for conclusion that there is a significant similarity between the processes that result in an event that can be called a visit to a service facility. Thus, the purpose of this theoretical study was to develop a common approach applicable to all road service facilities to determine the number of such events, as well as to develop a common methodology for their design.A characteristic feature of operation of service objects is a time-varying flow of demand for the operation of service facilities, as well as variable labour intensity and duration of troubleshooting or the provision of other service services. Systems in which the moments of receipt of requests for service and the duration of the services themselves are variable and random are called a queuing system. Therefore, to justify the number of car arrivals at road service facilities, the authors proposed a probabilistic method, the main tools of which are provisions and mathematical apparatus of the queuing theory.The main condition for functioning of the queuing system is the ratio between the incoming flow of requirements and the absolute throughput of the system. Thus, the mathematical model proposed by the authors considers the performance indicators of service facilities, depending on the size of the incoming flow of requirements and its variation, on the one hand, and on the throughput and performance of service facilities, on the other hand.В современных методиках технологического проектирования мощность объектов сервиса зависит от числа заездов на них автомобилей в единицу времени. При этом независимо от вида объекта сервиса число заездов так или иначе связывают с интенсивностью их движения на данной дороге, а также с одной из характеристик, определяющих скорость наступления данного события. Такой характеристикой, например, для СТО, является интенсивность отказов автомобилей, для АЗС – интенсивность расходования топлива, для гостиниц и стоянок – интенсивность наступления утомления водителей и пассажиров. Это позволяет сделать заключение о существенном сходстве процессов, в результате которых возникает событие, именуемое заездом. Таким образом, целью данного теоретического исследования являлась разработка единого для всех объектов дорожного сервиса подхода к определению числа таких событий, а также общей методологии их проектирования.Характерной особенностью работы объектов сервиса является изменяющийся во времени поток требований на работу средств обслуживания, а также переменные трудоёмкость и продолжительность устранения неисправностей или предоставление других услуг сервиса. Системы, в которых переменными и случайными являются моменты поступления требований на обслуживание и продолжительность самих обслуживаний, называют системой массового обслуживания. Поэтому авторами для обоснования числа заездов автомобилей на объекты дорожного сервиса предложен вероятностный метод, основным инструментом которого являются положения и математический аппарат теории массового обслуживания.Основным условием функционирования системы массового обслуживания является соотношение между входящим потоком требований и абсолютной пропускной способностью системы. Таким образом, математическая модель, предложенная авторами, рассматривает показатели эффективности средств обслуживания в зависимости с одной стороны от величины входящего потока требований и его вариации, а с другой – от пропускной способности и производительности средств обслуживания

Redistribution of sediment and sediment-associated contaminants in the River Chern basin during the last 50 years

A detailed study was undertaken in the upper part of the River Chern basin (126 km2). An integrated approach was used to investigate the redistribution of sediment and sediment-associated contaminants within the upper part of the basin, upstream from the reservoir located in the middle reach of the main valley. It was found that maximum sheet, rill and gully erosion rates were observed during the 1960s. This led to increased erosion rates in all parts of the fluvial system. The intensity of erosion decreased considerably after 1991 for a number of reasons. The commencement of mining activity and the sharp increase in the application of chemical fertilizers caused detectable heavy metal pollution within the basin during the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the Mikhailovsky iron ore mining development started. As a result, concentrations of Zn and As in floodplain sediment increased and exceeded the maximum permissible levels, according to Russian human health standards. Copyright © 2012 IAHS Press

Features of optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol in the Middle Urals

The results of studies into the aerosol optical depth (AOD) for the atmosphere in the Middle Urals in the spectrum range of 0.34-1.02 μm for 2004-2010 is presented. The interannual, annual, seasonal, and daily variations in the AOD are analyzed. The major statistical characteristics of the AOD, the parameters of the probability density function of distributions over different wave lengths, and the parameters of Angstrom's formula for the different seasons are calculated. The monitoring stations in the Russian segment of the AERONET network are ranked with respect to the AOD value. A shift from March to May in the spring maximum of the AOD is revealed in comparison with the results of the actinometric observations for the period of 1960-1986. A qualitative assessment is given to the influence of forest and peat fires in the region on the AOD. A classification of the states of aerosol haze in the atmosphere according to the AOD values is proposed. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Use of magnetic tracer and radio-cesium methods to determine past cropland soil erosion amounts and rates

The primary objective of this research was to determine the soil erosion rates in cropland of west central Illinois using a magnetic tracer (fly ash) and radio-cesium (cesium-137). The fly ash and cesium-137 accumulation on a stable cropland/hayland summit was determined using a spiral transect. This reference site was used as a baseline and then compared with the fly ash and cesium-137 levels in adjacent cropland landscape positions to estimate loss from erosion. The cesium-137 and fly ash data suggests that cropland lost significant sediment, fly ash and cesium-137 to erosion process especially from the upper and lower backslopes and footslope. The amount and rate of erosion predicted for each cropland landscape position using the fly ash and cesium-137 methods were determine for the 1910 to 1960, 1960 to 2009 and for the entire 100-year time periods. The fly ash and cesium-137 determined erosion amounts and annual soil erosion rate for cropland landscapes positions were highest for the upper and lower backslopes. Past backslope annual erosion rates for three different time periods were 51Mtha-1yr-1 or less and above the tolerable soil loss rate of 11Mtha-1yr-1 for Hickory soils. However, the predicted fly ash annual erosion rates for the last for the last 50years using cesium-137 deposition was higher than annual erosion rates for the 1910 to 1960 time period using the difference between the two methods. The reason for the higher erosion rates for the 50years after 1960 than before was most likely the continued use of moldboard plowing, up and down the slope plowing and the more intensive corn-soybean rotation without forages and small grains. These methods provide a way to document past cropland soil erosion amount and rates for three different time periods (1910 to 1960, 1960 to 2009 and 1910 to 2009). © 2012 Elsevier B.V

ДИСТАНЦИОННЫЙ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ РАДИОАКТИВНЫХ ВЫБРОСОВ В АТМОСФЕРУ

An overview of scientific research in the field of methods for radioactive atmosphere heterogeneities with anthropogenic origin radar monitoring is given bellow. The results of analysis of the complex physic-mathematical model of electromagnetic waves scattering from ionized formations in atmospheric surface layers are presented. The directions for future research in improvement of electromagnetic wave interaction with radioactive meteorological formations model are shown.Приведен обзор исследований в области разработки методов радиолокационного мониторинга радиоактивных атмосферных неоднородностей техногенного происхождения. Представлены результаты анализа комплексной физико-математической модели рассеяния электромагнитных волн (ЭМВ) ионизованными образованиями в приземном слое атмосферы. Показаны направления продолжения исследований в части усовершенствования моделей взаимодействия ЭМВ с радиоактивными метеообразованиями

Significant delay of lethal outcome in cancer patients due to peroral administration of Bacillus oligonitrophilus KU-1.

Treatment of cancer patients remains a serious medical problem and the development of alternative treatment strategies is therefore of great importance. In this connection, we developed a new bacterial-based, anticancer method. Ten cancer patients (three males, seven females) were involved in this study. Bacterial suspension of stationary phase Bacillus oligonitrophilus KU-1 was used as a remedy for peroral administration. In five patients, side effects (sicchasia, slight blood, and intracranial pressure gain) were detected, but all patients showed significant delay of lethal outcome without serious side effects. In conclusion, the suggested method was, in our opinion, a good alternative to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy techniques. In order to evaluate its efficiency for various tumors, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study is needed