Kun Halme herätti Helsingin lähiöt:Tony Halmeen vuoden 2003 eduskuntavaalivoiton tarkastelua altavastaaja-asetelman kautta

Tiivistelmä. Tutkielmassani käsittelen Tony Halmeen vuoden 2003 eduskuntavaalivoittoa altavastaaja-asetelman kautta. Selvitän miten Halme rakensi hänen nyrkkeilyuransa luoman altavastaaja-asetelman poliittiseksi työkaluksi. Tarkastelen altavastaaja-asetelman rakentumista nyrkkeilyuran, omaelämäkertojen ja vaalikampanjan pohjalta. Tutkielmani keskeisimmät lähteet ovat Halmeen omaelämäkerrat Jumala armahtaa — Minä en (1998) ja Tuomiopäivä (2001). Hyödynnän myös Helsingin Sanomien arkistoa ja muita internetistä löytyviä lähteitä, joita etsin Halmetta, nyrkkeilyuraa ja eduskuntavaaleja koskevien hakusanojen avulla. Tutkimusmetodina käytän laadullista sisällönanalyysia, jonka avulla olen järjestänyt hyödyntämäni lähdeaineiston tiiviiseen ja selkeään muotoon. Näin aikajanan rakentaminen, tutkimuskysymysten mukainen tarkastelu ja vuoropuhelu tutkimuskirjallisuuden kanssa on helpompaa. Halmeen nyrkkeilyuran luoma altavastaaja-asetelma rakennettiin poliittiseksi työkaluksi eri vaiheiden avulla. Asetelma syntyi nyrkkeilyuran seurauksena, kun Halme nousi altavastaajana Suomen mestariksi vastoin kaikkia odotuksia. Halme vahvisti asetelmaa ensimmäisen omaelämäkerran, Jumala armahtaa — Minä en, avulla. Omaelämäkerta oli tarina ikuisesta altavastaajasta, mikä teki mestaruudesta entistä vaikuttavamman. Omaelämäkertaa seurannut nousu suomalaisen nyrkkeilyn huipulle tehtiin myös altavastaajana, mikä teki Halmeesta suuren yleisön tunteman hahmon ja urheilusankarin. Nyrkkeilyuran loppupuolella Halme päätti siirtyä politiikkaan. Päätös kerrottiin äänestäjille toisessa omaelämäkerrassa, Tuomiopäivässä. Altavastaaja-asetelma siirrettiin omaelämäkerrassa politiikkaan. Kirjassa suomalaisen nyrkkeilyn huipulle nousseesta altavastaajasta tuli teoksen narratiivissa altavastaajina esitettyjen, tavallisten suomalaisten puolustaja. Halme puolustaisi altavastaajia heidän antamallaan mandaatilla poliitikkojen ja virkamiesten hirmuvaltaa vastaan sekä korjaisi yksin heidän aiheuttamansa ongelmat. Asetelma oli vahvasti läsnä vuoden 2003 eduskuntavaalikampanjassa, kun Halme jalkautui tavallisten suomalaisten joukkoon sekä jatkoi kampanjassaan Tuomiopäivästä tutulla linjalla. Altavastaaja-asetelma mahdollisti vaalivoiton ja 16 390 suuruisen äänisaaliin. Halme onnistui aktivoimaan altavastaaja-asetelman avulla itsensä altavastaajiksi mieltäneet äänestäjät, mikä näkyi äänestysaktiivisuuden nousupiikkeinä läpi Helsingin vaalipiirin. Äänestysaktiivisuutta tarkastellessa on selvää, että Halme herätti Helsingin lähiöt

Transport in strongly disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes

We have studied magnetic field and temperature dependence of electron transport in chemical vapor deposition synthesized highly resistive multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The analysis of the weak-localization magnetoresistance according to electron-electron interaction theories leads to very small mean free paths, l<10 nm. At lowest temperatures the sheet resistance is near RK=h/e exp 2. Both of these observations suggest that our samples are close to the strong-localization limit.Peer reviewe

Tunneling spectroscopy of disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes

The tunneling density of states has been studied on disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The tunneling conductance shows a large zero-bias anomaly, whose temperature and voltage dependence is successfully compared with the non-perturbative theory of electron tunneling into a disordered 1D electrode. The environmental Coulomb blockade is expected to set in at lower energies, where junctions can be considered to be zero-dimensional. In one of the samples, Coulomb blockade behavior is revealed over a wide range of temperatures. In this sample the tunneling is also studied using a superconducting counterelectrode, and the observed reduction of the conductivity is found to be in quantitative agreement with the theory.Peer reviewe

Cross-country cross-survey design in international marketing research: the role of input data in multiple imputation

Purpose – The present paper focuses on the case where – by design – one needs to impute cross-country cross-survey data (situation typical for example among multinational firms who are confronted with the need to carry out comparative marketing surveys with respondents located in several countries). Importantly, while some work demonstrates approaches for single-item direct measures, no prior research has examined the common situation in international marketing where the researcher needs to use multi-item scales of latent constructs. Our paper presents problem areas related to the choices international marketers have to make when doing cross-country / cross-survey research and provides guidance for future research. Design/methodology/approach – Multi-country sample of real data is used as an example of cross-sample imputation (292 New Zealand exporters and 302 Finnish ones) the international entrepreneurial orientation data. Three variations of the input data are tested: A) imputation based on all the data available for the measurement model, B) imputation based on the set of items based on the invariance structure of the joint items shared across the two groups, and C) imputation based both on examination of the invariance structures of the joint items and the performance of the measurement model in the group where the full data was originally available. Findings – Based on distribution comparisons imputation for New Zealand after completing the measurement model with Finnish data (Model C) gave the most promising results. Consequently, using knowledge on between country measurement qualities may improve the imputation results, but this benefit comes with a downside since it simultaneously reduces the amount of data used for imputation. None of the imputation models leads to the same statistical inferences about covariances between latent constructs than as the original full data, however. Research limitations / Implications - The present exploratory study suggests that there are several concerns and issues that should be taken into account when planning cross-country cross-surveys. These concerns arising from current study lead us to question the appropriateness of the cross-country cross-survey approach in general although in general advantages exist. Further research is needed to find the best methods. Originality / value – The combination of cross-country and cross-survey approaches is novel to international marketing, and it is not known how the different procedures utilized in imputation affect the results and their validity and reliability. We demonstrate the consequences of the various imputation strategy choices taken by using a real example of a two-country sample. Our exploration may have significant implications to international marketing researchers and the paper offers stimulus for further research in the area

Changes in life expectancy and lifespan variability by income quartiles in four Nordic countries : a study based on nationwide register data

Objectives Levels, trends or changes in socioeconomic mortality differentials are typically described in terms of means, for example, life expectancies, but studies have suggested that there also are systematic social disparities in the dispersion around those means, in other words there are inequalities in lifespan variation. This study investigates changes in income inequalities in mean and distributional measures of mortality in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden over two decades. Design Nationwide register-based study. Setting The Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish populations aged 30 years or over in 1997 and 2017. Main outcome measures Income-specific changes in life expectancy, lifespan variation and the contribution of 'early' and 'late' deaths to increasing life expectancy. Results Increases in life expectancy has taken place in all four countries, but there are systematic differences across income groups. In general, the largest gains in life expectancy were observed in Denmark, and the smallest increase among low-income women in Sweden and Norway. Overall, life expectancy increased and lifespan variation decreased with increasing income level. These differences grew larger over time. In all countries, a marked postponement of early deaths led to a compression of mortality in the top three income quartiles for both genders. This did not occur for the lowest income quartile. Conclusion Increasing life expectancy is typically accompanied by postponement of early deaths and reduction of lifespan inequality in the higher-income groups. However, Nordic welfare societies are challenged by the fact that postponing premature deaths among people in the lowest-income groups is not taking place.Peer reviewe

Multiwalled carbon nanotube: Luttinger liquid or not?

We have measured IV-curves of multiwalled carbon nanotubes using end contacts. At low voltages, the tunneling conductance obeys non-Ohmic power law, which is predicted both by the Luttinger liquid and the environment-quantum-fluctuation theories. However, at higher voltages we observe a crossover to Ohm's law with a Coulomb-blockade offset, which agrees with the environment-quantum-fluctuation theory, but cannot be explained by the Luttinger-liquid theory. From the high-voltage tunneling conductance we determine the transmission line parameters of the nanotubes.Comment: RevTeX, 4 pages, 2 EPS-figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Association between neighbourhood characteristics and antidepressant use at older ages : a register-based study of urban areas in three European countries

Background Research evidence on the association between neighbourhood characteristics and individual mental health at older ages is inconsistent, possibly due to heterogeneity in the measurement of mental-health outcomes, neighbourhood characteristics and confounders. Register-based data enabled us to avoid these problems in this longitudinal study on the associations between socioeconomic and physical neighbourhood characteristics and individual antidepressant use in three national contexts. Methods We used register-based longitudinal data on the population aged 50+ from Turin (Italy), Stockholm (Sweden), and the nine largest cities in Finland linked to satellite-based land-cover data. This included individual-level information on sociodemographic factors and antidepressant use, and on neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics, levels of urbanicity, green space and land-use mix (LUM). We assessed individual-level antidepressant use over 6 years in 2001-2017 using mixed-effects logistic regression. Results A higher neighbourhood proportion of low-educated individuals predicted lower odds for antidepressant use in Turin and Stockholm when individual-level sociodemographic factors were controlled for. Urbanicity predicted increased antidepressant use in Stockholm (OR=1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03) together with more LUM (OR=1.03; 1.01-1.05) and population density (OR=1.08; 1.05-1.10). The two latter characteristics also predicted increased antidepressant use in the Finnish cities (OR=1.05; 1.02-1.08 and OR=1.14; 1.02-1.28, respectively). After accounting for all studied neighbourhood and individual characteristics of the residents, the neighbourhoods still varied by odds of antidepressant use. Conclusions Overall, the associations of neighbourhood socioeconomic and physical characteristics with older people's antidepressant use were small and inconsistent. However, we found modest evidence that dense physical urban environments predicted higher antidepressant use among older people in Stockholm and the Finnish cities.Peer reviewe

Trends in mortality by labour market position around retirement ages in three European countries with different welfare regimes

&lt;p&gt;Objectives: In the face of economic downturn and increasing life expectancy, many industrial nations are adopting a policy of postponing the retirement age. However, questions still remain around the consequence of working longer into old age. We examine mortality by work status around retirement ages in countries with different welfare regimes; Finland (social democratic), Turin (Italy; conservative), and England and Wales (liberal).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Methods: Death rates and rate ratios (RRs) (reference rates = ‘in-work’), 1970 s–2000 s, were estimated for those aged 45–64 years using the England and Wales longitudinal study, Turin longitudinal study, and the Finnish linked register study.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Results: Mortality of the not-in-work was consistently higher than the in-work. Death rates for the not-in-work were lowest in Turin and highest in Finland. Rate ratios were smallest in Turin (RR men 1972–76 1.73; 2002–06 1.63; women 1.22; 1.68) and largest in Finland (RR men 1991–95 3.03; 2001–05 3.80; women 3.62; 4.11). Unlike RRs for men, RRs for women increased in every country (greatest in Finland).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Conclusions: These findings signal that overall, employment in later life is associated with lower mortality, regardless of welfare regime.&lt;/p&gt

The Nature of Abstract Orthographic Codes: Evidence from Masked Priming and Magnetoencephalography

What kind of mental objects are letters? Research on letter perception has mainly focussed on the visual properties of letters, showing that orthographic representations are abstract and size/shape invariant. But given that letters are, by definition, mappings between symbols and sounds, what is the role of sound in orthographic representation? We present two experiments suggesting that letters are fundamentally sound-based representations. To examine the role of sound in orthographic representation, we took advantage of the multiple scripts of Japanese. We show two types of evidence that if a Japanese word is presented in a script it never appears in, this presentation immediately activates the (“actual”) visual word form of that lexical item. First, equal amounts of masked repetition priming are observed for full repetition and when the prime appears in an atypical script. Second, visual word form frequency affects neuromagnetic measures already at 100–130 ms whether the word is presented in its conventional script or in a script it never otherwise appears in. This suggests that Japanese orthographic codes are not only shape-invariant, but also script invariant. The finding that two characters belonging to different writing systems can activate the same form representation suggests that sound identity is what determines orthographic identity: as long as two symbols express the same sound, our minds represent them as part of the same character/letter