R&D and Patents: an Attempt of Application of the Griliches's Model in a Transitional Economy

The main aim of this paper is to analyze relations between patent activity and R&D activity in Poland being a transitional economy in Central and Eastern Europe. The macro-perspective will be considered here. The paper begins with data on patents and R&D expenditures in the country in 1990-2010. Then the Griliches's model is presented. The next section is devoted to an empirical verification of this model in Poland. Finally, there will be the main conclusions

Radioisotope Power Subsystems for Space Applications

Many future space power requirements in the low power regime (watts to a few kilowatts) 9 with durations of a few months to years 9 are potentially satisfied by utilization of radioisotope power subsystems. The isotope power subsystems of today , essentially first generation devices, do not provide a direct basis for extrapolation to future performance capabilities. Many development problems must be solved before isotope power subsystems realize their full potential. The currently operational isotope powered I!SNAP I! units for space application are characterized by high specific weight (l watt/lb), low power output (\u3c=25 watts) , low heat source temperature (~1000°F)^ and low conversion efficiency (\u3c=5%). Future capabilities promise 10 to 20 watts/lb, 2000°C heat source operation ^ and conversion efficiencies approaching 20%. This paper examines the technical advancements necessary to attain these performance capabilities

Thrombosis, Bleeding, and the Observational Effect of Early Therapeutic Anticoagulation on Survival in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19

This article is made available for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.Background: Hypercoagulability may be a key mechanism of death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: To evaluate the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and examine the observational effect of early therapeutic anticoagulation on survival. Design: In a multicenter cohort study of 3239 critically ill adults with COVID-19, the incidence of VTE and major bleeding within 14 days after intensive care unit (ICU) admission was evaluated. A target trial emulation in which patients were categorized according to receipt or no receipt of therapeutic anticoagulation in the first 2 days of ICU admission was done to examine the observational effect of early therapeutic anticoagulation on survival. A Cox model with inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding was used. Setting: 67 hospitals in the United States. Participants: Adults with COVID-19 admitted to a participating ICU. Measurements: Time to death, censored at hospital discharge, or date of last follow-up. Results: Among the 3239 patients included, the median age was 61 years (interquartile range, 53 to 71 years), and 2088 (64.5%) were men. A total of 204 patients (6.3%) developed VTE, and 90 patients (2.8%) developed a major bleeding event. Independent predictors of VTE were male sex and higher D-dimer level on ICU admission. Among the 2809 patients included in the target trial emulation, 384 (11.9%) received early therapeutic anticoagulation. In the primary analysis, during a median follow-up of 27 days, patients who received early therapeutic anticoagulation had a similar risk for death as those who did not (hazard ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.92 to 1.35]). Limitation: Observational design. Conclusion: Among critically ill adults with COVID-19, early therapeutic anticoagulation did not affect survival in the target trial emulation

The discrimination method for the transformation process of results of research projects into practical applications

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the usage of discrimination tools in R&D activities especially in Innovative Programme. Based on these tools, in this paper is drawn up a method for project evaluation and their analysis. A case study has been adopted based on projects realized by ITeE-PBI in Radom within the PW-004 Multi-Year Programme. The main obtained results are following: selection of innovation project characteristics, evaluation of rank of project characteristics, prediction of launch data for a innovative solutions, sensitivity analysis. The presented results indicate that this mathematical tools can be very useful for innovation project analysis

Characterisation of Porphyrin-TiO2TiO_2 Complex Using Raman Spectroscopy and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

A complex of meso-tetrakis (4-sulphonatophenyl) porphyrin covalently linked to titanium dioxide has been studied. Illumination of the complex with visible light was shown to result in formation of cationic radicals of the porphyrin. Shape and kinetics of the electron spin resonance signals were analysed which permitted calculation of spectroscopic parameters characterising the photoinduced process of the radicals formation. The dye-semiconductor complex was thoroughly characterised to indicate its possible applications

Deposition of Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon Coatings by Plasma Jet

In this study amorphous hydrogenated carbon films (a-C:H) were formed on Si (111) from an $Ar-C_2H_2$ and $Ar-C_2H_2-H_2$ gas mixtures at 1000 Pa pressure using a plasma jet chemical vapour deposition. It is shown that by varying the $Ar:C_2H_2$ ratio and adding the hydrogen gas in plasma, the structure, surface morphology, growth rate of the coatings, and consequently their optical properties can be controlled

Presprouting effect on the yield of seed potatoes of new varieties under different soil and climate conditions

В период 1971-1980 гг. в опытных станциях Института картофелеводства, сельскохозяйственных академиях и воеводских центрах сельскохозяйственного прогресса проводились опыты с 21 сортом картофеля по влиянию предварительного проращивания на величину урожая, участие саженцев в урожае и коэффициент размножения. Результаты в общем числе 1300 для 21 сорта были классифицированы по отношению к сумме осадков в вегетационный период (июнь-август) и к механическому составу почвы (легкая и тяжелая супесь). Картофель возделывали на стойловом навозе при минеральном удобрении (80 кг N , 120 кг Р₂O₅ и 180 кг K₂O/ra в чистом элементе) в расстоянии 62,5 x 40 см. Дисперсионный анализ с регрессией для урожая клубней, участия саженцев в урожае и коэффициента размножения проводился на средних взвешенных значениях. Проведенные опыты показали существенное влияние предварительного проращивания на повышение общего урожая клубней и существенное снижение участия саженцев в урожае, Еоэффициент размножения был обусловлен видом почвы и количеством осадков. На более легких почвах как нехватка так и излишек осадков приводил к повышению участия саженцев в урожае и к росту коэффициента размножения. На более же тяжелых почвах самое высокое участие саженцев в урожае и самый высокий коэффициент размножения йыли установлены при наименьшей сумме осадков июня-августа (150 мм). Улучшение условий увлажнения приводило к снижению продукции саженцев.Experiments with 21 potato varieties concerning the pre-sprouting effect of the yield, share of seed potatoes in the yield and reproduction coefficient were carried out at Experiment Stations of the Institute for Potato Research, in Agricultural Universities and Districtal Centres of Agricultural Progress in the period 1971-1980. In total 1300 results for 21 varieties were classified with regard to the rainfall sum in the growing season (June-August) and mechanical composition of soil (light and heavy loamy sand). Potatoes were cultivated on farmyard manure and at the mineral fertilization (80 kg N, 120 kg P₂O₅ kg K₂ per hectare in pure element) at the spacing of 62.5 X 40.0 cm. The analysis of variance with the regression for the yield of tubers,share of seed potatoes in the yield and reproduction coefficient was performed for mean weighed values. The experiments have proved a significant pre-sprouting effect on the total tuber yield growth and a significant decrease of the share of seed potatoes in the yield. The reproduction coefficient depended on soil kind and rainfall amount. On lighter soils both deficiency and excess of rainfall led to a growth of the share of seed potatoes in the yield and to a growth of the reproduction coefficient value, whereas on heavier soils the highest share of seed potatoes in the yield and the highest reproduction coefficient value were found at the lowest rainfall sum of June-August (150 mm). An improvement of moisture conditions resulted in a decrease of the yield of seed potatoes