1,324 research outputs found
Domain wall network evolution in (N+1)-dimensional FRW universes
We develop a velocity-dependent one-scale model for the evolution of domain
wall networks in flat expanding or collapsing homogeneous and isotropic
universes with an arbitrary number of spatial dimensions, finding the
corresponding scaling laws in frictionless and friction dominated regimes. We
also determine the allowed range of values of the curvature parameter and the
expansion exponent for which a linear scaling solution is possible in the
frictionless regime.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Scaling laws for weakly interacting cosmic (super)string and p-brane networks
In this paper we find new scaling laws for the evolution of -brane
networks in -dimensional Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universes in the
weakly-interacting limit, giving particular emphasis to the case of cosmic
superstrings () living in a universe with three spatial dimensions (N=3).
In particular, we show that, during the radiation era, the root-mean-square
velocity is and the characteristic length of
non-interacting cosmic string networks scales as ( is
the scale factor), thus leading to string domination even when gravitational
backreaction is taken into account. We demonstrate, however, that a small
non-vanishing constant loop chopping efficiency parameter leads to a
linear scaling solution with constant ( is the Hubble parameter)
and in the radiation era, which may allow for a
cosmologically relevant cosmic string role even in the case of light strings.
We also determine the impact that the radiation-matter transition has on the
dynamics of weakly interacting cosmic superstring networks.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Brans-Dicke cylindrical wormholes
Static axisymmetric thin-shell wormholes are constructed within the framework
of the Brans-Dicke scalar-tensor theory of gravity. Examples of wormholes
associated with vacuum and electromagnetic fields are studied. All
constructions must be threaded by exotic matter, except in the case of
geometries with a singularity of finite radius, associated with an electric
field, which can have a throat supported by ordinary matter. These results are
achieved with any of the two definitions of the flare-out condition considered.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures; v3: corrected version, conclusions unchange
Weak-Field Gravity of Revolving Circular Cosmic Strings
A weak-field solution of Einstein's equations is constructed. It is generated
by a circular cosmic string revolving in its plane about the centre of the
circle. (The revolution is introduced to prevent the string from collapsing.)
This solution exhibits a conical singularity, and the corresponding deficit
angle is the same as for a straight string of the same linear energy density,
irrespective of the angular velocity of the string.Comment: 13 pages, LaTe
Predictions from Quantum Cosmology
The world view suggested by quantum cosmology is that inflating universes
with all possible values of the fundamental constants are spontaneously created
out of nothing. I explore the consequences of the assumption that we are a
`typical' civilization living in this metauniverse. The conclusions include
inflation with an extremely flat potential and low thermalization temperature,
structure formation by topological defects, and an appreciable cosmological
constant.Comment: (revised version), 15 page
On likely values of the cosmological constant
We discuss models in which the smallness of the effective vacuum energy
density \rho_\L and the coincidence of the time of its dominance t_\L with
the epoch of galaxy formation are due to anthropic selection effects. In
such models, the probability distribution for \rho_\L is a product of an {\it
a priori} distribution {\cal P}_*(\rho_\L) and of the number density of
galaxies at a given \rho_\L (which is proportional to the number of observers
who will detect that value of \rho_\L). To determine , we
consider inflationary models in which the role of the vacuum energy is played
by a slowly-varying potential of some scalar field. We show that the resulting
distribution depends on the shape of the potential and generally has a
non-trivial dependence on \rho_\L, even in the narrow anthropically allowed
range. This is contrary to Weinberg's earlier conjecture that the {\it a
priori} distribution should be nearly flat in the range of interest. We
calculate the (final) probability distributions for \rho_\L and for
t_G/t_\L in simple models with power-law potentials. For some of these
models, the agreement with the observationally suggested values of \rho_\L is
better than with a flat {\it a priori} distribution. We also discuss
quantum-cosmological approach in which \rho_\L takes different values in
different disconnected universes and argue that Weinberg's conjecture is not
valid in this case as well. Finally, we extend our analysis to models of
quintessence, with similar conclusions.Comment: 24 pages, 2 figures; replaced with published versio
Prediction and explanation in the multiverse
Probabilities in the multiverse can be calculated by assuming that we are
typical representatives in a given reference class. But is this class well
defined? What should be included in the ensemble in which we are supposed to be
typical? There is a widespread belief that this question is inherently vague,
and that there are various possible choices for the types of reference objects
which should be counted in. Here we argue that the ``ideal'' reference class
(for the purpose of making predictions) can be defined unambiguously in a
rather precise way, as the set of all observers with identical information
content. When the observers in a given class perform an experiment, the class
branches into subclasses who learn different information from the outcome of
that experiment. The probabilities for the different outcomes are defined as
the relative numbers of observers in each subclass. For practical purposes,
wider reference classes can be used, where we trace over all information which
is uncorrelated to the outcome of the experiment, or whose correlation with it
is beyond our current understanding. We argue that, once we have gathered all
practically available evidence, the optimal strategy for making predictions is
to consider ourselves typical in any reference class we belong to, unless we
have evidence to the contrary. In the latter case, the class must be
correspondingly narrowed.Comment: Minor clarifications adde
Strings in Yang-Mills-Higgs theory coupled to gravity
Non-Abelian strings for an Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs theory are explicitly
constructed. We consider N_f Higgs fields in the fundamental representation of
the U(1)xSU(N_c) gauge group in order to have a color-flavor SU(N_c) group
remaining unbroken. Choosing a suitable ansatz for the metric, Bogomol'nyi-like
first order equations are found and rotationally symmetric solutions are
proposed. In the N_f = N_c case, solutions are local strings and are shown to
be truly non-Abelian by parameterizing them in terms of orientational
collective coordinates. When N_f > N_c, the solutions correspond to semilocal
strings which, beside the orientational degrees of freedom, acquire additional
collective coordinates parameterizing their transverse size. The low-energy
effective theories for the correspondent moduli are found, showing that all
zero modes are normalizable in presence of gravity, even in the semilocal case.Comment: 20 pages, no figure, modified version with new title, abstract and an
additional section completing the study of effective theories. Physical
Review D in pres
Comment on "Formation of primordial black holes by cosmic strings"
We show that in a pioneering paper by Polnarev and Zembowicz, some
conclusions concerning the characteristics of the Turok-strings are generally
not correct. In addition we show that the probability of string collapse given
there, is off by a large prefactor (~1000).Comment: 5 pages, LaTeX and 1 figure, postscript. To appear in PR
Anthropic predictions for vacuum energy and neutrino masses
It is argued that the observed vacuum energy density and the small values of
the neutrino masses could be due to anthropic selection effects. Until now,
these two quantities have been treated separately from each other and, in
particular, anthropic predictions for the vacuum energy were made under the
assumption of zero neutrino masses. Here we consider two cases. In the first,
we calculate predictions for the vacuum energy for a fixed (generally non-zero)
value of the neutrino mass. In the second we allow both quantities to vary from
one part of the universe to another. We find that the anthropic predictions for
the vacuum energy density are in a better agreement with observations when one
allows for non-zero neutrino masses. We also find that the individual
distributions for the vacuum energy and the neutrino masses are reasonably
robust and do not change drastically when one adds the other variable.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
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