Kebijakan Pemberantasan Wabah Penyakit Menular: Kasus Kejadian Luar Biasa Demam Berdarah Dengue (Klb Dbd)

Dalam Rencana Pembangunan Nasional Jangka Panjang (RPJP) 2005-2025 disebutkan bahwa pembangunan sumber daya manusia diarahkan untuk terwujudnya manusia Indonesia yang sehat, cerdas, produktif dan masyarakat yang semakin sejahtera (Bappenas 2005). Melalui Program Indonesia Sehat 2010, gambaran masyarakat Indonesia di masa depan yang ingin dicapai adalah masyarakat yang antara lain hidup dalam lingkungan yang sehat dan mempraktekkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (Depkes 2003). Lingkungan yang sehat termasuk di dalamnya bebas dari wabah penyakit menular. Dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Menengah (RPJM) 2004-2009, salah satu program di bidang kesehatan adalah pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyakit, termasuk wabah penyakit menular (Bappenas 2004c). Penanganan secara cepat terhadap wabah penyakit juga merupakan bagian dari peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan dasar yang menjadi satu dari tiga prioritas program 100 hari pertama Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu 2004-2009 di bidang kesehatan (Bappenas 2004a; Depkes 2005a)

Menegakkan Hukum dan Hak Warga Negara: Pers, Buku dan Film

Buku ini berangkat dari kegundahan buruknya kondisi kebebasan berekspresi di Indonesia. Sejatinya, setelah sepuluh tahun reformasi, kondisi kebebasan kita semakin baik. Politik yang semakin stabil dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cukup bagus semestinya diiringi dengan pencapaian di bidang lain, khususnya menyangkut kebebasan pers, buku, dan film. Buku ini diniatkan sebagai guideliness yang bisa digunakan oleh para politisi, pengambil keputusan, dan pemimpin negeri ini untuk melihat persoalan seputar kebebasan berekspresi di Indonesia. Ditulis secara ringkas dan padat, buku ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran umum tentang persoalan yang kita hadapi

Clinical Use of the Antiseptic Polihexanide for Genital Tract Infections

Background: In clinical practice, treatment of genital tract infections is based on administration of either antibiotics or antiseptics. While antibiotics may be applied systemically or topically, antiseptics may be applied only topically. In case of bacterial vaginosis (BV), antibiotic therapy may often be limited and side effects due to systemic administration may develop. Polihexanide (PHMB) is a promising option for the topical treatment of genital tract infections, in particular BV and vaginitis. Method: A systematic search for publications on the use of PHMB for the treatment of genital infections in two electronic databases was performed. Titles, abstracts and citations were imported into a reference database. Duplicates were removed and two reviewers assessed each identified publication separately. Results: Among a total of 204 references, 3 prospective randomized trials were identified. Two trials treated BV infections with PHMB in comparison to clindamycin as antibiotic standard therapy with no significant differences either in safety or in efficacy. The third controlled trial investigated the clinical efficacy of PHMB compared to placebo in the treatment of human papilloma virus. Patients treated with PHMB daily for up to 16-weeks showed significantly higher (52%) clearance of genital warts as compared to patients treated with placebo (4%). Conclusion: PHMB may be a clinically effective alternative for the treatment of BV and human papilloma virus. Although PHMB-based antiseptics are available since the late 90s, controlled trials to investigate its clinical potential for antiseptic treatment are scant. Clinical use of antiseptics for the treatment of infectious diseases should be explored and supported further

Oviposition of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and associated native species in relation to season, temperature and land use in western Germany

Background: Aedes japonicus japonicus, first detected in Europe in 2000 and considered established in Germany 10 years later, is of medical importance due to its opportunistic biting behaviour and its potential to transmit pathogenic viruses. Its seasonal phenology, temperature and land use preference related to oviposition in newly colonised regions remain unclear, especially in the context of co-occurring native mosquito species. Methods: Focussing on regions in Germany known to be infested by Ae. japonicus japonicus, we installed ovitraps in different landscapes and their transition zones and recorded the oviposition activity of mosquitoes in relation to season, temperature and land use (arable land, forest, settlement) in two field seasons (May-August 2017, April-November 2018). Results: Ae. japonicus japonicus eggs and larvae were encountered in 2017 from June to August and in 2018 from May to November, with a markedly high abundance from June to September in rural transition zones between forest and settlement, limited to water temperatures below 30 degrees C. Of the three native mosquito taxa using the ovitraps, the most frequent was Culex pipiens s.l., whose offspring was found in high numbers from June to August at water temperatures of up to 35 degrees C. The third recorded species, Anopheles plumbeus, rarely occurred in ovitraps positioned in settlements and on arable land, but was often associated with Ae. japonicus japonicus. The least frequent species, Aedes geniculatus, was mostly found in ovitraps located in the forest. Conclusions: The transition zone between forest and settlement was demonstrated to be the preferred oviposition habitat of Ae. japonicus japonicus, where it was also the most frequent container-inhabiting mosquito species in this study. Compared to native taxa, Ae. japonicus japonicus showed an extended seasonal activity period, presumably due to tolerance of colder water temperatures. Higher water temperatures and arable land represent distribution barriers to this species. The frequently co-occurring native species An. plumbeus might be useful as an indicator for potentially suitable oviposition habitats of Ae. japonicus japonicus in hitherto uncolonised regions. The results contribute to a better understanding of mosquito ecology and provide a basis for more targeted monitoring, distribution modelling and risk management of mosquitoes

Treatment of Candida albicans biofilms with low-temperature plasma induced by dielectric barrier discharge and atmospheric pressure plasma jet

Because of some disadvantages of chemical disinfection in dental practice (especially denture cleaning), we investigated the effects of physical methods on Candida albicans biofilms. For this purpose, the antifungal efficacy of three different low-temperature plasma devices (an atmospheric pressure plasma jet and two different dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs)) on Candida albicans biofilms grown on titanium discs in vitro was investigated. As positive treatment controls, we used 0.1% Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and 0.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The corresponding gas streams without plasma ignition served as negative treatment controls. The efficacy of the plasma treatment was determined evaluating the number of colony-forming units (CFU) recovered from titanium discs. The plasma treatment reduced the CFU significantly compared to chemical disinfectants. While 10 min CHX or NaOCl exposure led to a CFU log 10 reduction factor of 1.5, the log10 reduction factor of DBD plasma was up to 5. In conclusion, the use of low-temperature plasma is a promising physical alternative to chemical antiseptics for dental practice. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft