The Effect of Irrigation systems and Planting Methods on Soil Porosity and Soil Electrical Conductivity and Potato Yield sunder Two Irrigation Intervals

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation systems, planting methods and irrigation intervals on soil porosity and soil electrical conductivity and potato yields for fall season of 2016 in Yousufia Area. Three irrigation systems included Sprinkler Irrigation (S), Drip irrigation (D),and Furrow Irrigation (F), two different irrigation intervals included (4 day irrigation interval (I1) and 8 day irrigation interval (I2)) and two methods of planting included (Mechanical planting (M) and Manual (Hand) planting (H) were used in the experiment. Soil Porosity, electrical conductivity of a saturated soil extract (Ece), average weight of potato tuber, and plant yield were measured in this study. Split split plots arrangment under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, were used in this experiment. The means of treatments were compared by using least significant difference (LSD=0.05) under probability of 0.05. The results can be summarized as follows: 1- Drip irrigation was superior in obtaining the least value of the electrical conductivity stood 2.76 ds.m-1, highest potato yield stood 811 gm. plantˉ¹ and highest value for the average weight of potato tuber was 150 gm. Also, the furrow irrigation treatment was superior in obtaining the highest value of soil porosity stood, 0.44 cm3.cm-3. 2- 4 days irrigation interval got a significant higher single plant yield stood 731 gm.plant-1, and potato tuber weight average stood 117.83 gm and got the least value of electrical conductivity stood 3.40 ds.m-1, whereas 8 days irrigation interval was superior in getting the highest value of porosity, stood 0.40 cm3.cm-3. 3- Mechanical planting method resulted in obtaining the highest value of porosity, stood 0.40 cm3.cm-3, and the highest yield for a single plant value stood 703 gm.plant-1, and the highest value of potato tuber average weight stood 131.33 gm. 4- The interaction between drip irrigation and 4 days irrigation interval was superior compared to other interactions in obtaining the least value of the electrical conductivity (Ece) stood 2.52 ds.m-1, and highest value of single plant yield stood 884 gm.plant-1, and highest value for the average weight of potato tuber stood 161.17 gm. On the other hand, the interaction between furrow irrigation method and the 8 days irrigation interval in obtaining the highest value for porosity which stood 0.44 cm3.cm-3. 5- The interaction between drip irrigation method and mechanical planting method was superior compared to other interactions in obtaining the highest yield value for single plant which stood 846 gm.plant-1, and the highest value for the weight average of potato tuber stood 157.50 gm. while, the interaction between furrow irrigation method and mechanical planting recorded the highest value for porosity which stood 0.46 cm3.cm-3. 6- The interaction between 4 days irrigation interval and mechanical planting showed a superiority in obtaining the highest value for single plant yield which stood 770 gm.plant-1, and highest value for the weight average for potato tuber stood 140.44 gm, compared to other interactions, and the interaction between 8days irrigation interval and mechanical planting method was superior to obtain the highest value of porosity stood 0.42 cm3.cm-3. Also, the interaction between 4 days irrigation interval and the manual (hand) planting methods was superior to obtain the least value for electrical conductivity for soil solution stood 3.34 ds.m-1. 7- The triple interaction between drip irrigation, 4 days irrigation interval, and mechanical planting method was superior in obtaining the highest yield for a single plant which stood 936 gm.plant-1 and the highest value of the weight average of potato tuber which stood 169.33 gm and the lowest value for electrical conductivity of soil solution which stood 2.50 ds.m-1 compared to other interactions. While the interaction between furrow irrigation method, 8 days irrigation interval, and mechanical planting method was superior to obtain the highest value of soil porosity stood 0.48 cm3.cm-3

Convergence acceleration of the Proteus computer code with multigrid methods

Presented here is the first part of a study to implement convergence acceleration techniques based on the multigrid concept in the Proteus computer code. A review is given of previous studies on the implementation of multigrid methods in computer codes for compressible flow analysis. Also presented is a detailed stability analysis of upwind and central-difference based numerical schemes for solving the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. Results are given of a convergence study of the Proteus code on computational grids of different sizes. The results presented here form the foundation for the implementation of multigrid methods in the Proteus code

Synthesis and Modification of Some New Transition Metal Complexes of Poly (vinyl chloride)

Theligand4-[5-(2-hydoxy-phenyl)- [1,3,4- thiadiazole-2- ylimino methyl]-1,5-dimethyl -2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one [HL1] is prepared and characterized. It is reacted with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in THF to form the PVC-L compounds ,PVC-L interacted with ions of transition metals to form PVC-L-MII complexes .All prepared compounds are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, u.v-visible spectroscopy, C.H.N.S. analysis and some of them by 1HNM

Finding water management practices to reduce selenium and nitrate concentrations in the irrigated stream-aquifer system along the lower reach of Colorado's Arkansas River Valley

2018 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Agricultural productivity in the Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV) in southeastern Colorado has been high over the last 100 years due to extensive irrigation practices. In the face of this high productivity, however, the LARV currently face many issues as a result of the long period of irrigation, including waterlogging and soil salinization, leading to a decline in crops yields and high concentrations of nutrients and trace elements. In particular, irrigation practices have led to high concentrations of selenium (Se) and nitrate (NO3) in groundwater, surface water, and soils, similar to other semi-arid irrigated watersheds worldwide. Environmental concerns due to these high concentrations include human health, health of fish and waterfowl, and eutrophication of surface water bodies. The objective of this thesis is to identify water management strategies that can lead to a decrease in the concentrations of Se and NO3 in groundwater and surface water in the LARV by evaluating the three-water management BMPs which is reduced irrigation (RI), lease fallowing of irrigated land (LF), and canal sealing (CS). This is accomplished by constructing and testing a computational model that simulates the fate and transport of Se and NO3 in a coupled irrigated stream-aquifer system, and then applying the model to evaluate selected best management practices (BMPs) to decrease the concentration of Se and NO3 to comply with Colorado water quality regulations. The modeling system consists of MODFLOW, which simulates groundwater and stream flow, and RT3D-OTIS, which simulates the reactive transport of the principal Se and nitrogen (N) species in groundwater and a connected stream network. RT3D-OTIS uses simulated flows from MODFLOW to exchange Se and N species' mass between streams and the aquifer on a daily time step. The coupled flow and reactive transport model is applied to an approximately 552 km² study region in the LARV between Lamar, Colorado and the Colorado-Kansas border. The model is tested against Se and NO3 concentrations measured in a network of groundwater monitoring wells and stream sampling site, and against return flows and mass loads to the river estimated from the mass balance. Model calibration was performed manually and by using PEST software tool, and the effects BMPs on Se and NO3 concentrations in groundwater, streams, and groundwater mass loadings to the Arkansas River within the stream-aquifer system are quantified. Three BMPs are considered RI, LF, and CS, which are simulated for a 40-year period and then compared to a baseline ("do nothing") scenario. The results indicate that implementation of the CS scenario might lead to lower groundwater concentrations of Se and NO3 by 40% and 38%, respectively, a reduction in groundwater mass loading to the Arkansas River by 100% and 60% for Se and NO3, and a reduction in stream concentrations of Se and NO3 by 30% and 40%, respectively. In contrast, the RI and LF scenario, while lowering the water table and in consequence the rate of groundwater return flow to the Arkansas River, leads to elevated groundwater concentrations of both Se and NO3 in the riparian areas, resulting in an overall increase in groundwater mass loading to the river. This may be due to changes in the rate of groundwater flow due to lower hydraulic gradients leading to longer residence times of NO3 in the aquifer, increasing the potential for the release of Se from the bedrock shale through oxidation processes. Also, lowering the water table due to reduced recharge from irrigation reduces the size of the saturated zone, perhaps contributing to a higher concentration of Se and NO3. Moreover, changes in water and mass flux between the saturated and unsaturated zone occur under RI and LF scenarios. As a consequence of these altered processes, the RI and LF scenarios do not decrease the in-stream concentrations of Se and NO3 in the Arkansas River, with values for Se and NO3 increasing by 15% and 8%, respectively under the RI scenario, and by 10% and 10.5% for the LF scenario. Further, the results are compared with results obtained from a modeling study in the Upstream Study Region of the Lower Arkansas River Valley, to determine the similarity and differences of BMP implementation in the two regions. Further assessment of localized BMPs should be performed to determine key regions where they should be implemented for the largest impact on Se and NO3. Combined water management BMPs and land management BMPs, like reduced fertilizer application and enhanced riparian buffers, should also be evaluated

Challenges in the Management of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (Hunter’s Syndrome) in a Developing Country: a Case Report

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter's syndrome) is an X-linked chromosomal storage disorder due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase with patients rarely living till adulthood. Failure to identify patients early could contribute to an increased morbidity as identified in this case report.CASE DETAILS: An eight year old patient with Hunter's syndrome identified five years after disease onset with severe cardiovascular complications exemplifies the challenges faced in resource-limited countries towards making diagnosis and treatment of rare conditions. Elevated urinary glycosaminoglycans levels or a strong clinical suspicion of Hunter's syndrome, as identified in the index case, is a prerequisite for enzyme activity testing. Urinary mucopolysaccharide(MPS) level was 69.6mg/mmol(normal range is 0.0 - 11.6mg/mmol), and the confirming MPS electrophoresis analysis showed elevated heparan sulphate in the urine sample. Enzyme activity testing, with absent or very low iduronate-2-sulfatase activity, is diagnostic. However, the scarce availability and high cost of these tests is another constraint in making a diagnosis.CONCLUSION: Identification and management of mucopolysaccharidosis type II pose a problem in resource-constrained countries due to late presentation, lack of facility for diagnosis and treatment, cost and expertise required for the management.KEYWORDS: Mucopolysaccharidosis, Hunter's syndrome, Mucopolysaccharid

Decision Support Tool for Electric Power Generation Development: A Feasibility Analysis for a Nigerian Case

Electricity is a crucial component of sustainable development in developing countries, providing opportunities to supply low-cost clean energy to their populations. This paper presents a decision support tool for the Nigerian case, allowing users to rank different enhancement options to meet future scenarios. The tool enables feasibility checks on infrastructure capacity and can handle various generation options, including low-cost renewable resources. It is easy to use for non-experts and decision-makers and incorporates an optimal power flow algorithm to minimize costs. Demonstrated on a modified IEEE 30-bus system informed by Nigerian scenarios, this tool can provide policymakers with valuable insights for long-term investment decisions and facilitate the delivery of low-cost, clean energy to developing countries

CFD Analysis of Petrol Internal Combustion Engine

ان التشغيل الامثل لمحركات الاحتراق الداخلي يتطلب تطبيقات لتقنيات ضرورية متقدمة بالاضافة الى طرق عملية، ان استخدام التحليل العددي ثلاثي الابعاد يوفر امكانية الحصول على رؤية ثاقبه للظواهر الفيزيائية المعقده داخل المحرك. في هذا البحث، تم نمذجة جريان المائع داخل محرك احتراق بالشرر رباعي الاشواط احادي الاسطوانه نوع هونداي بالأعتماد على التحليل العددي بأستخدام كود ANSYS /ICE، مع تقنية الشبكة الديناميكية لدراسة وتخمين خواص الجريان لوقود الاوكتان عند ظروف التشغيل الطبيعيه وفقاً لزوايا عمود المرفق عند سرعة دوران ثابته. تم أنجاز موديل المحرك بأستخدام بيئة SolidWorks. ركز هذا العمل على تحليل الأشواط الاربعة للمحرك في حالة التشغيل (البارد والاحتراق) متضمناً معادلات الاستمرارية ورينولدز ونافير ستوك ومعادلة حفظ الطاقه. قورن هذا البحث مع الابحاث المنشورة وأظهرت المقارنه مطابقة النتائج، وكان الحد الاقصى للتناقض17 %.Optimizing operation for internal combustion engines requires the application of advanced essential technique. Moreover, an experimental investigation, numerical 3D CFD simulation, is needed in order to obtain and investigate a vision into the complex phenomena’s within cylinder. In this paper, fluid flow inside a single cylinder of spark ignition engine (SI) Hyundai type was modeled depending on the numerical simulation using ANSYS V15.0/ICE CODE, with dynamic mesh technique to study and estimate the characteristics flow under normal operation of octane fuel with respect to crank angle at a constant r.p.m. The engine model was done by SolidWorks environment. This work focused on the simulation of the intake, compression, expansion and exhaust stroke, including cold and combustion simulation, solving the governing equations (continuity, Renolds Average Navier Stoke, and energy equation). The code was validated against published data for present case, and the comparison showed a close agreement between the results and the maximum discrepancy was 17 %