CP, T and CPT violation in future long baseline experiments

I give a short overview about the possibilities and problems related to the measurement of CP violation in long baseline experiments. Special attention is paid to the issue of degeneracies and a method for their resolution is quantitatively discussed. The CP violation reach for different experiments is compared in dependence of $\sin^22\theta_{13}$ and \dm{21}. Furthermore a short comment about the possible effects of matter induced T violation is made. Finally the limits on CPT violation obtainable at a neutrino factory are shown.Comment: Talk presented at NUFACT02, London, 1-6 July, 2002. 3 pages, 2 figure

Resolving Octant Degeneracy at LBL experiment by combining Daya Bay Reactor Setup

Long baseline Experiment (LBL) have promised to be a very powerful experimental set up to study various issues related to Neutrinos. Some ongoing and planned LBL and medium baseline experiments are - T2K, MINOS, NOvA, LBNE, LBNO etc. But the long baseline experiments are crippled due to presence of some parameter degeneracies, like the Octant degeneracy. In this work, we first show the presence of Octant degeneracy in LBL experiments, and then combine it with Daya Bay Reactor experiment, at different values of CP violation phase. We show that the Octant degeneracy in LBNE can be resolved completely with this proposal.Comment: 4 pages, 8 figure

Fluctuation Superconductivity in Mesoscopic Aluminum Rings

Fluctuations are important near phase transitions, where they can be difficult to describe quantitatively. Superconductivity in mesoscopic rings is particularly intriguing because the critical temperature is an oscillatory function of magnetic field. There is an exact theory for thermal fluctuations in one-dimensional superconducting rings, which are therefore expected to be an excellent model system. We measure the susceptibility of many rings, one ring at a time, using a scanning SQUID that can isolate magnetic signals from seven orders of magnitude larger background applied flux. We find that the fluctuation theory describes the results and that a single parameter characterizes the ways in which the fluctuations are especially important at magnetic fields where the critical temperature is suppressed.Comment: Reprinted with permission from AAA

Untangling CP Violation and the Mass Hierarchy in Long Baseline Experiments

In the overlap region, for the normal and inverted hierarchies, of the neutrino-antineutrino bi-probability space for $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ appearance, we derive a simple identity between the solutions in the ($\sin^2 2\theta_{13}$, $\sin \delta$) plane for the different hierarchies. The parameter $\sin^2 2\theta_{13}$ sets the scale of the $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ appearance probabilities at the atmospheric $\delta m^2_{atm} \approx 2.4 \times 10^{-3}$ eV$^2$ whereas $\sin \delta$ controls the amount of CP violation in the lepton sector. The identity between the solutions is that the difference in the values of $\sin \delta$ for the two hierarchies equals twice the value of $\sqrt{\sin^2 2\theta_{13}}$ divided by the {\it critical} value of $\sqrt{\sin^2 2\theta_{13}}$. We apply this identity to the two proposed long baseline experiments, T2K and NO$\nu$A, and we show how it can be used to provide a simple understanding of when and why fake solutions are excluded when two or more experiments are combined. The identity demonstrates the true complimentarity of T2K and NO$\nu$A.Comment: 15 pages, Latex, 4 postscript figures. Submitted to New Journal of Physics, ``Focus on Neutrino Physics'' issu

Ultrafast Insulator-Metal Phase Transition in VO2 Studied by Multiterahertz Spectroscopy

The ultrafast photoinduced insulator-metal transition in VO2 is studied at different temperatures and excitation fluences using multi-THz probe pulses. The spectrally resolved mid-infrared response allows us to trace separately the dynamics of lattice and electronic degrees of freedom with a time resolution of 40 fs. The critical fluence of the optical pump pulse which drives the system into a long-lived metallic state is found to increase with decreasing temperature. Under all measurement conditions we observe a modulation of the eigenfrequencies of the optical phonon modes induced by their anharmonic coupling to the coherent wave packet motion of V-V dimers at 6.1 THz. Furthermore, we find a weak quadratic coupling of the electronic response to the coherent dimer oscillation resulting in a modulation of the electronic conductivity at twice the frequency of the wave packet motion. The findings are discussed in the framework of a qualitative model based on an approximation of local photoexcitation of the vanadium dimers from the insulating state.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures submitted to Physical Review

Neutrino Factories and the "Magic" Baseline

We show that for a neutrino factory baseline of $L \sim 7300 km - 7 600 km$ a ``clean'' measurement of $\sin^2 2 \theta_{13}$ becomes possible, which is almost unaffected by parameter degeneracies. We call this baseline "magic" baseline, because its length only depends on the matter density profile. For a complete analysis, we demonstrate that the combination of the magic baseline with a baseline of 3000 km is the ideal solution to perform equally well for the $\sin^2 2 \theta_{13}$, sign of $\Delta m_{31}^2$, and CP violation sensitivities. Especially, this combination can very successfully resolve parameter degeneracies even below $\sin^2 2 \theta_{13} < 10^{-4}$.Comment: Minor changes, final version to appear in PRD, 4 pages, 3 figures, RevTe

Eluate derived by extracorporal antibody-based immunoadsorption elevates the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in podocytes via B-2 kinin receptors

Background/Aim: Patients with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) often develop a recurrence of the disease after kidney transplantation. In a number of FSGS patients, plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption procedures have been shown to transiently reduce proteinuria and are thought to do this by eliminating a circulating factor. Direct cellular effects of eluates from immunoadsorption procedures on podocytes, the primary target of injury in FSGS, have not yet been reported. Methods: Eluates were derived from antibody-based immunoadsorption of a patient suffering from primary FSGS, a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, and a healthy volunteer. The cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ({[}Ca2+](i)) of differentiated podocytes was measured by single-cell fura-2 microfluorescence measurements. Free and total immunoreactive kinin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results: FSGS eluates increased the {[}Ca2+](i) levels concentration dependently (EC50 0.14 mg/ml; n = 3-19). 1 mg/ml eluate increased the {[}Ca2+](i) values reversibly from 82 +/- 12 to 1,462 +/- 370 nmol/l, and then they returned back to 100 16 nmol/l (n = 19). The eluate-induced increase of {[}Ca2+](i) consisted of an initial Ca2+ peak followed by a Ca2+ plateau which depended on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. The eluate-induced increase of {[}Ca2+](i) was inhibited by the specific B-2 kinin receptor antagonist Hoe 140 in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 2.47 nmol/l). In addition, prior repetitive application of bradykinin desensitized the effect of eluate on {[}Ca2+](i). A colonic epithelial cell line not reacting to bradykinin did not respond to eluate either (n = 6). Similar to FSGS eluates, the eluate preparations of both the systemic lupus patient and the healthy volunteer led to a biphasic, concentration-dependent {[}Ca2+](i) increase in poclocytes which again was inhibited by Hoe 140. Free kinins were detected in all eluate preparations. Conclusion: The procedure of antibody-based immunoadsorption leads to kinin in the eluate which elevates the {[}Ca2+](i) level of podocytes via B-2 kinin receptors. Copyright (C) 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel