Magnetic flux locking in two weakly coupled superconducting rings

We have analyzed the quantum interference effects in the macroscopic ''superconducting molecule''. The composite system consists of two massive superconducting rings, each interrupted by a Josephson junction, which are at the same time weakly coupled with one another. The special case of coupling via the Josephson four-terminal junction is considered. The structure of the macroscopic quantum states in an applied magnetic field is calculated. It is shown, that depending on the values of the magnetic fluxes through each ring, the system displays two groups of states, the ''orthostates'' with both induced currents going in the same direction, and the ''parastates'' with the opposite currents and with the total induced flux locked to zero value. The transition to the flux locked state with changing of the total applied flux is sudden and is preserved in a certain interval which is determined by the difference of the fluxes applied through each ring. It makes the system sensitive to small gradients of the external magnetic field.Comment: 8 pages in Latex, 3 figures (eps

Coherent current states in mesoscopic four-terminal Josephson junction

A theory is offered for the ballistic 4-terminal Josephson junction. The studied system consists of a mesoscopic two-dimensional normal rectangular layer which is attached in each side to the bulk superconducting banks (terminals). The relation between the currents through the different terminals, which is valid for arbitrary temperatures and junction sizes, is obtained. The nonlocal coupling of the supercurrents leads to a new effect, specific for the mesoscopic weak link between two superconducting rings; an applied magnetic flux through one of the rings produces a magnetic flux in the other ring even in the absence of an external flux through the other one. The phase dependent distributions of the local density of Andreev states, of the supercurrents and of the induced order parameter are obtained. The "interference pattern" for the anomalous average inside the two dimensional region can be regulated by the applied magnetic fluxes or the transport currents. For some values of the phase differences between the terminals, the current vortex state and the two dimensional phase slip center are appeared.Comment: 17 pages in Latex and 6 ps Figures. Will be published in Low Temp.Phy

Semiclassical quantization of non-Hamiltonian dynamical systems without memory

We propose a new method of quantization of a wide class of dynamical systems that originates directly from the equations of motion. The method is based on the correspondence between the classical and the quantum Poisson brackets, postulated by Dirac. This correspondence applied to open (non-Hamiltonian) systems allows one to point out the way of transition from the quantum description based on the Lindblad equation to the dynamical description of their classical analogs by the equations of motion and vice versa. As the examples of using of the method we describe the procedure of the quantization of three widely considered dynamical systems: 1) the harmonic oscillator with friction, 2) the oscillator with a nonlinear damping that simulates the process of the emergence of the limit cycle, and 3) the system of two periodic rotators with a weak interaction that synchronizes their oscillations. We discuss a possible application of the method for a description of quantum fluctuations in Josephson junctions with a strong damping and for the quantization of open magnetic systems with a dissipation and a pumping.Comment: 8 pages, 0 figure

Splitting of Landau levels of a 2D electron due to electron-phonon interactions

We show that in a very strong magnetic field $B$ electron-phonon interaction gives rise to a splitting of Landau levels of a 2D electron into a series of infinitely degenerate sublevels. We provide both qualitative and quantitative description of this phenomenon. The cases of interaction with acoustic and polar optical phonons are considered. The energy distance between nearest sublevels in both cases tends to zero as $B^{-1/2}$ at large $B$.Comment: 4 pages, LaTe

Analysis of the options for complex treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunctions, depending on their manifestations

The analysis of the options for the complex treatment of dysfunctions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), depending on their manifestations. The clinical course of dysfunction determines the choice of treatment methods, which in turn should be comprehensive, multicomponent and timely.Проведен анализ вариантов комплексного лечения дисфункций височно-нижнечелюстного сустава (ВНЧС) в зависимости от их проявлений. Клиническое течение дисфункций определяет выбор методов лечения, которое в свою очередь должно быть комплексным, многокомпонентным и своевременным

Identification of novel risk loci for restless legs syndrome in genome-wide association studies in individuals of European ancestry : a meta-analysis

Background Restless legs syndrome is a prevalent chronic neurological disorder with potentially severe mental and physical health consequences. Clearer understanding of the underlying pathophysiology is needed to improve treatment options. We did a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to identify potential molecular targets. Methods In the discovery stage, we combined three GWAS datasets (EU-RLS GENE, INTERVAL, and 23andMe) with diagnosis data collected from 2003 to 2017, in face-to-face interviews or via questionnaires, and involving 15126 cases and 95 725 controls of European ancestry. We identified common variants by fixed-effect inverse-variance meta-analysis. Significant genome-wide signals (p Findings We identified and replicated 13 new risk loci for restless legs syndrome and confirmed the previously identified six risk loci. MEIS1 was confirmed as the strongest genetic risk factor for restless legs syndrome (odds ratio 1.92, 95% CI 1 85-1.99). Gene prioritisation, enrichment, and genetic correlation analyses showed that identified pathways were related to neurodevelopment and highlighted genes linked to axon guidance (associated with SEMA6D), synapse formation (NTNG1), and neuronal specification (HOXB cluster family and MYT1). Interpretation Identification of new candidate genes and associated pathways will inform future functional research. Advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie restless legs syndrome could lead to new treatment options. We focused on common variants; thus, additional studies are needed to dissect the roles of rare and structural variations.Peer reviewe