Stability Study of Some Selected Nigerian Crude Oil Emulsions and the Effectiveness of Locally Produced Demulsifier

Crude oil emulsion stability causes high viscosity of crude oil which leads to problems in pipeline transportation and processing. In this research, four samples of crude oil emulsions were collected from Ughelli East Wellhead and labeled A, B, C and D. These samples were characterized to determine their specific gravity, 0API gravity, structural composition, density, temperature, amount of water, amount of gas and the gross crude oil production. The 0API at 60 0F showed that all the samples had values below 30 0API which was an indication that the crude oil produced from these wells were heavy crude oil. The FTIR spectra showed bands at 3444.55 cm-1 for Sample A, 3418.23 cm-1 and 3175.94 cm-1for Sample B, 3444.61 cm-1 for Sample C and  3444.49 cm-1 for Sample D attributing to strong and broad O-H stretch, H-bonded and an indication of Asphaltenes presence; the alkanes signal, C-H stretch at 2961.14 cm-1 for Sample A, 2926.00 cm-1 for Sample B, 2924.15 cm-1 for Sample C and 2922.88 cm-1 for Sample D are indications of the presence of wax; C=O stretch at 1737.74 cm-1 only present in sample C is an indication of the presence of resins. The well test details showed that sample A and B had smaller water percentage in the gross crude oil production than Sample C and D with high water percentage. Therefore crude oil produced from these four wells represented by samples A, B, C and D contains natural emulsion stabilizers and stable. However, the stability of Samples A and B are more than that of Samples C and D. The performance of locally produced demulsifier increased with increase in residence time of contacting it with the emulsion samples at their operating temperatures, while equal dosage of patent Separol N46 demulsifier showed no performance within thesame residence time. However, treatments AWHT, BRT, CWHT and DWHT all at well head temperatures of 35.6 0C, 27 0C, 48.2 0C and 48.8 0C respectively showed that most water was expelled in 480 minutes. Key words: Stability, Selected, Crude oil, Emulsion, Demulsifiers, Treatmen

Analisis Pengaruh Lama Penyulingan Dan Komposisi Bahan Baku Terhadap Rendemen Dan Mutu Minyak Atsiri Dari Daun Dan Batang Nilam

Our country is one of the biggest essential oil\u27s producer in the world, and this oil is also a commodity gives foreign exchange for the country. Producer of essential oil that has high prospect is Pogostemon. There are three kinds of Pogostemon and this research is using varietas of Pogostemon Cablin Benth as the raw material. The purposes of this research are to know the influence from duration of distillation and raw material composition (leaves, stem, and leaves-stem) that will be distillated to yield and quality of patchouli oil.This research is done with water-steam distillation method. Research\u27s variable consists of istillation`s duration (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 hours) and raw material composition (leaves : stem = 1:0, 0:1, 1:1 and 3:2).It is known from the result of this research that the highest yield given by duration for 8 hours and compositon of 100% leave (1:0), which is equal to 3,631%. While, the lowest yield is obtained from duration of 4 hours and composition of 100% stem, which is equal to 0,1%. For the compositon of leave-stem (1:1 and 3:2), the highest yield given by 8 hours duration and composition of 3:2, which is equal to 2,885%. Raw material composition that gives best quality is from stem with refractive index value is equal to 1,5175, while oil from the leave has greatest refractive index value is equal to 1,514. For the mixing of leave-stem, greatest refractive index value given by 1:1 composition with 8 hours duration, which is equal to 1,5115

Komunikasi Stakeholder dalam Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan (Musrenbang)

Stakeholders are the main actors of development that determine process, result, implementation and evaluation of Development Planning Forum (Musrenbang). This study was aimed to analyze the characteristics of stakeholder relations, aspirations and access to information media with the intensity of stakeholders communication in Musrenbang at the village and urban village level. The study used the sequential mixed methods, that were descriptive analysis, for qualitative method, and explanative quantitative survey methods by employing Pearson corelational analysis. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires with cluster sampling, Solvin formula, and then stratified sampling. While the qualitative data were collected through literature review, direct observation, analysis of documents, and also interviews. The research took place in Balokang Village, Rejasari Village, Mekarsari Urban village, and Muktisari Urban village in Banjar, West Java.The results showed:the characteristic of stakeholders, aspirations, and access to information media have significant correlation with the intensity of stakeholders' communication in Musrenbang at the village and urban village level

Daya Hidup Spermatozoa Epididimis Kambing Peranakan Ettawa Yang Dipreservasi Dengan Pengencer Tris Dan Bberbagai Konsentrasi Maltosa

Cauda epididymal spermatozoa could be used as an alternative source of gamete in the application of various reproductive technologies, since the spermatozoa is motile and has ability for fertilizing the oocyte. Theobjective of this research was to examine the effectivity of maltose in maintaining viability of ettawa crossbreed goat epididymal spermatozoa preserved at 3–5oC. Five testis with epididymides of ettawa crossbreed goat were obtained from slaughterhouse. Epididymal spermatozoa was collected by the combination of slicing, flushing and tissues pressure of cauda epididymides with physiological saline (0.9% NaCl). Collected-spermatozoa wasdivided in equal volume into three tubes and diluted with Tris extender containing 20% egg yolk (control), Tris extender + 0.3 g maltose/100 ml (M0.3), and Tris extender + 0.6 g maltose/100 ml (M0.6), respectively. Dilutedspermatozoa was stored in refrigerator at 3–5oC. Quality of diluted-spermatozoa including percentages of motile spermatozoa (MS) and live spermatozoa (LS) were evaluated every day during storage at 3–5oC for four days. Data were analyzed using completely randomized design with three treatments and five replicates. Means were compared significant difference test at 0.05 significant level. Results of this study showed that mean spermatozoaconcentration, percentage of MS, percentage of LS, and percentage of abnormal spermatozoa of ettawa crossbreed goat fresh epididymal spermatozoa were 3,220 million cell/ml, 70%, 81%, and 4.3%, respectively. At day-5 of storage, percentages of MS and LS for M0.3 (38 and 60.4%) and M0.6 (38 and 57.2%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control (32 and 55.4%). In conclusion, addition of 0.3 and 0.6% maltose in Tris extender could be maintained viability of ettawa crossbreed goat epididymal spermatozoa preserved at 3–5oC forthree days

Cardiac Tamponade Due to Liver Amebiasis Rupture

Amebiasis is common cases in Asia, Africa, and South Africa. Liver amebiasis has become a serious problem worldwide especially in health and social aspect. The protozoa named Entamoeba histolytica was easily found in area with poor sanitation, low socioeconomic status, and poor nutrition status. The incidence of amebiasis in several hospitals in Indonesia is 5-15% per year. Epidemiological observation showed the comparison of incidence among male and female population and it was approximately 3 : 1 until 22 : 1 with male predominance. The potential age suffered from amebiasis is around 20 - 50 years old. The route of infection spread to oral-fecal and oral-anal-fecal. The most common complication is abscess rupture (5-15.6%). Rupture may be located in pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, lung, bowel, intraperitoneal, and skin. Rupture of liver amebias spread to pleural and pericardial cavity is a rare case and frequently under reported. This case report illustrates a 40-year-old male with cardiac tamponade due to rupture of liver amebiasis. Patient's was admitted with chief complaint of shortness of breath, positive Beck's triad, hepatomegaly, pleural effusion, liver abscess on sonography and swinging of heart on echocardiography. This patient was treated with metronidazole as a drug of choice, and pericardiocentesis for the cardiac tamponade

Direction Of Hepatitis Supported Research At Namru-2

Titik berat penelitian hepatitis di NAMRU-2 pada saat ini adalah: I) penelitian binatang untuk mengetahui populasi reservoar HEV; 2) penggunaan model hewan untuk lebih diketahuinya transmisi HEV pada populasi reservoar yang dicurigai; 3) diketahuinya akurasi alat diagnostik yang digunakan (untuk semua marker); 4) diketahuinya lama pengeluaran virus hepatitis E pada kotoran manusia yang menderita hepatitis akut maupun dari model hewan; 5) diketahuinya insidens hepatitis E akut melalui pencarian kasus dengan menggunakan metode penelitian lapangan di masyarakat; dan 6) serokonversi infeksi hepatitis E pada anak-anak. Hubungan erat dengan berbagai universitas dan instansi pemerintah yang terkait dengan penanganan kasus-kasus hepatitis, telah dan masih menjadi bagian penting bagi suksesnya penelitian hepatitis di NAMRU-2. Hasil yang dicapai berdasarkan program penelitian di atas antara lain: 1) seminar hepatitis E di Kalimantan Barat; 2) tersedianya kemampuan diagnostik pada laboratorium setempat; 3) pembinaan peneliti di Indonesia dan Asia Tenggara dalam hal epidemiologi; serta 4) alih teknologi dalam pelaksanaan penelitian yang dapat melibatkan minat para peneliti pada penyakit hepatitis di Indonesia

La incuestionabilidad del riesgo

Con anterioridad a la década de 1980, la literatura especializada en análisis y gestión del riesgo estaba dominada por la llamada visión tecnocrática o dominante. Esta visión establecía que los desastres naturales eran sucesos físicos extremos, producidos por una naturaleza caprichosa, externos a lo social y que requerían soluciones tecnológicas y de gestión por parte de expertos. Este artículo se centra en desarrollar una nueva explicación para entender la persistencia hegemónica de la visión tecnocrática basada en el concepto de incuestionabilidad del riesgo. Esta propuesta conceptual hace referencia a la incapacidad y desidia de los expertos, científicos y tomadores de decisiones en general (claimmakers) de identificar y actuar sobre las causas profundas de la producción del riesgo ya que ello conllevaría a cuestionar los imperativos normativos, las necesidades de las elites y los estilos de vida del actual sistema socioeconómico globalizado.Before de 1980s, the natural hazard analysis and management specialized literature was dominated by the so called "dominant" or "technocratic" view. Such perspective had established that natural disasters are extreme physical events caused by a whimsical nature and that these events are external to society. These events required technological and management solutions developed by experts. The current article aims at addressing a new explanatory component in the hegemonic persistence of the technocratic view. Such assumption was based on the "unquestionability of the risk" concept. It is stated that the "unquestionability of the risk" is the overall incapacity and neglect of experts, scientists and decision makers to identify and act over the deep causes of risk production, since it would make them question the normative imperatives and the demands from the elite as well as the life style in nowadays globalized socio-economic system

Non-Isothermal Model for Nematic Spherulite Growth

A computational study of the growth of two-dimensional nematic spherulites in an isotropic phase was performed using a Landau-de Gennes type quadrupolar ensor order parameter model for the first-order isotropic/nematic transition of 5CB (pentyl-cyanobiphenyl). An energy balance, taking anisotropy into account, was derived and incorporated into the time-dependent model. Growth laws were determined for two different spherulite morphologies of the form tn, with and without the inclusion of thermal effects. Results show that incorporation of the thermal energy balance correctly predicts the transition of the growth law exponent from the volume driven regime (n=1) to the thermally limited regime (approaching n=0.5), agreeing well with experimental observations. An interfacial nemato-dynamic model is used to gain insight into the interactions that result in the progression of different spherulite growth regimes

Does millet consumption contribute to raising blood hemoglobin levels compared to regular refined staples?: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Millets are recognized for their health and nutritional values, and the United Nations declared 2023 the International Year of Millets. Among the several health and nutritional benefits of millets, their impact on hemoglobin concentration is important since anemia is a major public health issue in many countries. To investigate the effect of millet (including sorghum) consumption on hemoglobin concentration in the blood, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Thirteen published studies featuring randomized control trials involving 590 individuals in the intervention group and 549 control individuals were eligible for the meta-analysis. The difference-in-differences analysis revealed highly significant (p < 0.01) positive effects of millet consumption on hemoglobin concentration, with an effect size of +0.68 standardized mean difference units. The change in hemoglobin concentration observed in the intervention group was +13.6%, which is statistically significant (p < 0.0005), compared to that in the control group, which was +4.8% and not statistically significant (p = 0.1362). In four studies, the consumption of millets in the intervention group demonstrated a change from mild anemia to normal status among children, whereas there was no change in the control group. The findings provide evidence that the consumption of millets can improve blood hemoglobin concentration, likely resulting from increased iron intake. Further research is needed involving the assessment of iron content and bioavailability to better understand the effect variation among millet types and the mechanisms involved

Interventions to reduce pesticide exposure from the agricultural sector in Africa: a workshop report

Despite the fact that several cases of unsafe pesticide use among farmers in different parts of Africa have been documented, there is limited evidence regarding which specific interventions are effective in reducing pesticide exposure and associated risks to human health and ecology. The overall goal of the African Pesticide Intervention Project (APsent) study is to better understand ongoing research and public health activities related to interventions in Africa through the implementation of suitable target-specific situations or use contexts. A systematic review of the scientific literature on pesticide intervention studies with a focus on Africa was conducted. This was followed by a qualitative survey among stakeholders involved in pesticide research or management in the African region to learn about barriers to and promoters of successful interventions. The project was concluded with an international workshop in November 2021, where a broad range of topics relevant to occupational and environmental health risks were discussed such as acute poisoning, street pesticides, switching to alternatives, or disposal of empty pesticide containers. Key areas of improvement identified were training on pesticide usage techniques, research on the effectiveness of interventions targeted at exposure reduction and/or behavioral changes, awareness raising, implementation of adequate policies, and enforcement of regulations and processes