Synthetic clock transitions via continuous dynamical decoupling

Decoherence of quantum systems due to uncontrolled fluctuations of the environment presents fundamental obstacles in quantum science. `Clock' transitions which are insensitive to such fluctuations are used to improve coherence, however, they are not present in all systems or for arbitrary system parameters. Here, we create a trio of synthetic clock transitions using continuous dynamical decoupling in a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate in which we observe a reduction of sensitivity to magnetic field noise of up to four orders of magnitude; this work complements the parallel work by Anderson et al. (submitted, 2017). In addition, using a concatenated scheme, we demonstrate suppression of sensitivity to fluctuations in our control fields. These field-insensitive states represent an ideal foundation for the next generation of cold atom experiments focused on fragile many-body phases relevant to quantum magnetism, artificial gauge fields, and topological matter.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, Supplemental material

Perpetual emulation threshold of PT-symmetric Hamiltonians

We describe a technique to emulate a two-level \PT-symmetric spin Hamiltonian, replete with gain and loss, using only the unitary dynamics of a larger quantum system. This we achieve by embedding the two-level system in question in a subspace of a four-level Hamiltonian. Using an \textit{amplitude recycling} scheme that couples the levels exterior to the \PT-symmetric subspace, we show that it is possible to emulate the desired behaviour of the \PT-symmetric Hamiltonian without depleting the exterior, reservoir levels. We are thus able to extend the emulation time indefinitely, despite the non-unitary \PT dynamics. We propose a realistic experimental implementation using dynamically decoupled magnetic sublevels of ultracold atoms.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure

Fourier transform spectroscopy of a spin-orbit coupled Bose gas

We describe a Fourier transform spectroscopy technique for directly measuring band structures, and apply it to a spin-1 spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensate. In our technique, we suddenly change the Hamiltonian of the system by adding a spin-orbit coupling interaction and measure populations in different spin states during the subsequent unitary evolution. We then reconstruct the spin and momentum resolved spectrum from the peak frequencies of the Fourier transformed populations. In addition, by periodically modulating the Hamiltonian, we tune the spin-orbit coupling strength and use our spectroscopy technique to probe the resulting dispersion relation. The frequency resolution of our method is limited only by the coherent evolution timescale of the Hamiltonian and can otherwise be applied to any system, for example, to measure the band structure of atoms in optical lattice potentials

Land-use practices (coppices and dehesas) and management intensity modulate responses of Holm oak growth to drought

Last decades increase in reported events of drought-induced tree mortality evidences how climate-change is transforming forest ecosystems all over the world. The parallel increase in human pressure over the land is also causing major changes in forest functioning but it remains unclear how these two driving forces interact between them. We combined tree-ring data with aboveground cover, leaf area index (LAI), soil variables, and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) as water availability indicator to disentangle the existence of linkages between contrasting Holm oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota [Desf.] Samp) land-use practices and its drought-induced decline and mortality. We selected ten sites covering different soil and climatic gradients, land-use practices (i.e., declining dehesas, DH; declining coppices, FRd; and healthy coppices, FRh), and tree vigour classes (i.e., living, affected, and dead trees) in Spain. DH sites presented lower tree coverage, soil water holding capacity and soil pH than coppice (FR) sites. Dead Holm oaks from DH sites were younger than living ones, whereas dead trees from FRd sites were smaller and showed lower growth rates than living ones. We also found that conservation of traditional land-use practices in FR sites, resulting in less understorey cover but more soil erosion (less nutrients and microbial biomass and more bare soil), may positively affect the growth plasticity and sensitivity to drought of Holm oak trees by alleviating inter-specific competition, but in detriment of vegetation cover and soil health. Further studies should evaluate whether what holds true for FRh sites regarding the maintenance of traditional land-use practices might also apply for healthy DH. In the face of drier and hotter scenarios, our results add robust evidences on how the modulation of the intensity of the traditional uses could be a useful tool to optimize ecosystem services in Mediterranean systems highly vulnerable to climate change. © 2020This research was funded by the Spanish Government projects VERONICA (CGL2013-527 42271-P) and IBERYCA (CGL2017-84723-P). Additionally, it was also supported by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 program, and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the BC3 María de Maeztu excellence accreditation (MDM-2017-0714). Ana-Maria Hereş was financially supported by the projects NATIvE (PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2016-0583) and REASONING (PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2019-1099), both funded by the Romanian Ministry of National Education and by the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation through UEFISCDI ( link ). A. Gazol acknowledges funding by project RTI2018-096884-B-C31 (Spanish Ministry of Science). We thank Daniel García Angulo, Miguel Fernandez, David López Quiroga, Bárbara Carvalho, Matheus Lopes Souza, and Mario Díaz for their priceless support during the field campaigns and the laboratory work

Statistical Analysis of Water Masers in Star-Forming Regions: Cepheus A and W75 N

We have done a statistical analysis of Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) data of water masers in the star-forming regions (SFRs) Cepheus A and W75 N, using correlation functions to study the spatial clustering and Doppler-velocity distribution of these masers. Two-point spatial correlation functions show a characteristic scale size for clusters of water maser spots < or ~1 AU, similar to the values found in other SFRs. This suggests that the scale for water maser excitation tends to be < or ~1 AU. Velocity correlation functions show power-law dependences with indices that can be explained by regular velocity fields, such as expansion and/or rotation. These velocity fields are similar to those indicated by the water maser proper-motion measurements; therefore, the velocity correlation functions appear to reveal the organized motion of water maser spots on scales larger than 1 AU.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, and 3 tables. Accepted by The Astrophysical Journa

The Circumstellar Structure and Excitation Effects around the Massive Protostar Cepheus A HW 2

We report SMA 335 GHz continuum observations with angular resolution of ~0.''3, together with VLA ammonia observations with ~1'' resolution toward Cep A HW 2. We find that the flattened disk structure of the dust emission observed by Patel et al. is preserved at the 0.''3 scale, showing an elongated structure of ~$0.''6 size (450 AU) peaking on HW 2. In addition, two ammonia cores are observed, one associated with a hot-core previously reported, and an elongated core with a double peak separated by ~1.''3 and with signs of heating at the inner edges of the gas facing HW 2. The double-peaked ammonia structure, as well as the double-peaked CH3CN structure reported previously (and proposed to be two independent hot-cores), surround both the dust emission as well as the double-peaked SO2 disk structure found by Jimenez-Serra et al. All these results argue against the interpretation of the elongated dust-gas structure as due to a chance-superposition of different cores; instead, they imply that it is physically related to the central massive object within a disk-protostar-jet system.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures; accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa