A Generalized Treatment for the Kinetics of Two Consecutive Irreversible Second Order Reactions: Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Di-n-butyl Phthalate

220-22

Kinetics & Mechanism of Base-catalysed Hydrolysis of Formamide-Effect of Alkalinity on the Reactive Tetrahedral Addition Intermediates

961-96

Approximate Analytical Solutions of Space-Fractional Telegraph Equations by Sumudu Adomian Decomposition Method

The main goal in this work is to establish a new and efficient analytical scheme for space fractional telegraph equation (FTE) by means of fractional Sumudu decomposition method (SDM). The fractional SDM gives us an approximate convergent series solution. The stability of the analytical scheme is also studied. The approximate solutions obtained by SDM show that the approach is easy to implement and computationally very much attractive. Further, some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the accuracy and stability for linear and nonlinear cases

Kualitas Kebijakan dan Kinerja USAha Kehutanan: Pelajaran dari Renstra USAha Kehutanan 2005-2009

Setidaknya ada sekitar seratus lebih jenis peraturan Perundangan diduga telah berakibat antara lain pada ekonomi biaya tinggi, hambatan terhadap pemahaman tentang pelaksanaan peraturan-Perundangan itu sendiri, dan minimnya efisiensi dan efektivitas kegiatan administrasi USAha kehutanan, sehingga banyak proses yang harus dilakukan yang secara fungsional tidak lagi sesuai dan bermanfaat baik sebagai alat perencanaan maupun alat pengendalian bagi pemerintah. Ini menunjukkan, dalam taraf tertentu, kualitas kebijakan kehutanan. Dari Renstra Direktorat Jenderal (Ditjen) Bina Usaha Kehutanan (BUK) 2005-2009 diperoleh pelajaran penting yang mengonfirmasi kualitas kebijakan dimaksud. Kesenjangan dua regim evaluasi eksternal dan internal BUK menunjukkan bahwa: (1) evaluasi internal berfokus pada lingkup tertentu seputar aspek administratif yang cenderung membatasi substansi program dan kegiatan. Baik buruknya kinerja program ini cenderung tidak ada kaitan dengan kondisi tujuan (outcome) yang diharapkan pihak lain; (2) substansi program lebih didasarkan pada masalah yang dirumuskan pembuat kebijakan (Ditjen BPK) yang umumnya terkait masalah-masalah administrasi dan konsistensi hukum dan bukan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi pelaksana kebijakan (misal Dinas, UPT) maupun pelaku USAha kehutanan (misal swasta, koperasi); (3) kuatnya orientasi pada kepentingan administratif telah mempersempit hubungan antara pembuat kebijakan (Ditjen BUK), pelaksana kebijakan (misal Dinas, UPT) dan pelaku USAha kehutanan (misal swasta, koperasi) terutama dalam penetapan instrumen agar suatu peraturan dapat secara efektif dijalankan

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) as a Prognostic Marker: an Immunohistochemical Study on 315 Consecutive Breast Carcinoma Patients

Objective: To assess the independent and interdependent prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in carcinoma of breast in female population. The Type I family of growth factor receptors includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR also known as EGFRI). Methods: The expression of EGFR protein was analysed immunohistochemically on 315 tumour specimens of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast. These patients also had axillary lymph nodes sampling. Results: Overexpression and/or amplification of EGFR was observed in 70 (22.00%) tumours. Eleven (16%) were grade I, 43 (61%) grade II and 16 (23%) grade Ill tumours. Axillary lymph node metastasis had significant correlation with intensified positivity of EGFR (p\u3c 0.05). Significant number of EGFR positive patients developed local recurrence and distant metastases to brain, liver and bone (p\u3c 0.05). EGFR positivity showed significant correlation with the disease free and overall survival (p\u3c 0.05). At a median follow-up of48 (4 years) months in EGFR positive patients, the overall survival was 3.39 years and disease free survival was 2.86 years. EGFR negative tumour patients showed a better survival. In this group the overall survival was 4.62 years and the disease free survival was 4 years. Conclusion: EGFR analysis can be a useful indicator for the selection of patients who are at the high risk, for hormonal therapy decisions and can be useful as a target for new treatment modalities

Corrosion Inhibition Study of Mild Steel in Acidic Medium by Antibiotic Drugs: A Comparative Study

Abstract - A comparison of the inhibiting efficiency of antibiotic drugs (ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin, and amoxicillin) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 mol·L−1 HCl were studied at room temperature using mass loss measurement. The main reason is probably be due to the formation of protective coverage by the inhibitor as other authors reported previously. Adsorption characteristics of the inhibitor has also been studied using simple equation and it was found that drugs inhibits the corrosion of mild steel by being adsorbed on the surface of mild steel by a physical adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of drugs on the mild steel surface was found to be spontaneous and obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. It was observed that the test drug has a promising inhibitory action in acid medium against corrosion of mild steel. Moreover it was revealed that an inhibition efficiency of 80.1 % can be achieved with 3×10-3M ciprofloxacin drug treatment on mild steel.Keywords: Steel corrosion; Antibiotic drugs; Adsorption isotherm; Inhibition mechanism

The German Development Bank as a policy entrepreneur for social health protection: a case study of the development and implementation of the ‘Sehat Sahulat Programme’ in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

# Background The German Development Bank (KfW) supported the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (GoKP) to design and implement its first social health protection (SHP) scheme, named the Sehat Sahulat Programme (SSP). We described the role of KfW in the evolution of SSP with a view to identifying transferrable lessons for international development agencies working on similar initiatives in socioeconomically comparable contexts. # Methods We employed a qualitative instrumental case study design approach. First, we obtained and analysed key programme documents to describe the chronology of events and policy changes. We then undertook in-depth interviews to understand factors influencing policy changes. Finally, we carried out non-participant observations to understand how policy decisions were made and implemented. We employed maximum variation sampling to recruit participants and conducted a thematic analysis of data. # Results SSP was described by GoKP officials as an innovative financing strategy and a flagship project of the government formed by the Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI). First, programme officials reported that KfW was instrumental in both designing and financing SSP, which had plans to provide free health insurance to low-income families and raise revenue through paid enrollment of the wealthy (solidarity). Second, GoKP deviated from this model and covered the entire population of KP free of cost. Through SSP, GoKP envisaged service provision through private hospitals (subsidiarity). In the third year, GoKP included public sector hospitals in the programme. Although planned supplementary insurance products might result in inequitable utilisation, KfW continued supporting SSP and committed funding for piloting outpatient department services for two years, 2023 and 2024. # Conclusions This in-depth case study has highlighted the potentially positive role of international development assistance in introducing innovative financing strategies to promote universal health coverage. However, development partners might have limited control over how things evolve

The notion of access to health care in a large-scale social health protection initiative: a case study of 'Sehat Sahulat Programme' at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

# Background Sehat Sahulat Programme (SSP), a health insurance initiative, was launched by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (GoKP) in Pakistan to improve access to quality health services. In this paper, we describe the notion of access under SSP, present stakeholders' views on access-related challenges, and suggest ways forward to realise SSP's access-related objective in the broader context of its contribution towards Pakistan's drive to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC). # Methods We employed a case study design approach using three data sources. We used official GoKP programme documents to capture the chronology of events (policy interventions), in-depth interviews to explore the drivers behind the events and non-participant observations to understand the decision-making and implementation processes. We employed maximum variation sampling. Access to documents and observation sites was gained through the SSP director. We recruited interviewees through direct and indirect approaches and conducted thematic analysis. # Findings GoKP engaged the State Life Insurance Corporation (SLIC) of Pakistan as a purchaser. SLIC purchased services from public and private hospitals for SSP patients, up to 600,000 Pakistani Rupees (PKR) per family per year. Considering this insurance coverage, GoKP officials claimed SSP made health care accessible, which the development partners contested. Instead of the narrow finance-centric definition by GoKP, the development partners highlighted the broader dimensions of access, including the services’ acceptability and availability. Tensions existed between the interpretation of the stakeholders on different dimensions of access. For instance, GoKP and SLIC claimed that including private hospitals in SSP improved services’ availability, but development partners noted an under-supply of private providers in remote districts of the province. Bridging such an undersupply, SLIC made inter-district referrals, which the patient advocates noted led to travel costs and geographical barriers. Similarly, GoKP officials claimed SSP had good acceptability. The providers noted that SSP’s acceptability was damaged by limited patient choice, low package rates, and delayed claims payments. # Conclusions This analysis suggests that SSP had challenges with the acceptability and geographical dimensions of access which GoKP needed to address. A key transferrable lesson is that demand-side intervention (insurance) might not improve access with a weak supply side. Therefore, countries contemplating improving access to services enroute to achieving UHC need to address both supply and demand-side considerations

Neural networking study of worms in a wireless sensor model in the sense of fractal fractional

We are concerned with the analysis of the neural networks of worms in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The concerned process is considered in the form of a mathematical system in the context of fractal fractional differential operators. In addition, the Banach contraction technique is utilized to achieve the existence and unique outcomes of the given model. Further, the stability of the proposed model is analyzed through functional analysis and the Ulam-Hyers (UH) stability technique. In the last, a numerical scheme is established to check the dynamical behavior of the fractional fractal order WSN model