Inter Tester and Intra Tester Reliability of Eight Sacroiliac Joint Static and Dynamic and Three Pain Provocation Tests

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the inter tester and intra tester reliability of 5 static and 3 dynamic palpation tests, and three pain provocation tests used to diagnose sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Method: Five static palpation tests, namely palpation and assessment of the levels of the 1) posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) in standing position, 2) PSIS in sitting position, 3) anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) in standing position, 4) Medial Maleolus (MM) in supine position, and 5) MM in long sitting position, and three dynamic (motion palpation) tests, 1) the Gillet test, 2) the standing flexion test, and 3) the sitting flexion test were performed on ten asymptomatic subjects by four examiners. Each test was performed four times by each examiner resulting in 1280 assessments in total. Pain provocation tests were posterior pelvic pain provocation test (PPPPT) or posterior shear test, patric test, and hip resisted abduction test. The Study included twenty women with chronic low back pain, aged between 20 to 30 years. Each of pain provocation tests were performed two times by two examiners. Results: Reliability was determined using Kappa Statistic which allows assessment of observer agreement for more than two examiners and multiple examiners. Intra examiner agreement of static palpation tests revealed a range of reliability from slight to good. Kappa coefficient yielded intra examiner agreement that ranged between slight to good for the PSIS in standing position (0.18-0.75), slight to moderate for the ASIS (0.15-0.5), and slight to fair (0.1-0.35) for other static and all motion palpation tests. Inter examiner reliability of all the static and dynamic tests did not exceed slight reliability (0.0-0.2). Kappa value for intertester reliability of posterior shear test, patric test, and hip resisted abduction test for right limb was 0.7, 0.7, and 0.6, and for left one was 0.7, 0.78, 0.34, respectively, and the mean value of kappa for intratester reliability was between 0.75 and 0.91. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the reliability of palpation and assessment of the levels of the PSIS, ASIS, and MM in static positions, and the gillet, standing flexion, and sitting flexion tests as indicators of sacroiliac joint dysfunction still remain questionable. Therapists should reconsider the usefulness of evaluation techniques that rely on the assessment of the anatomical symmetry of bony landmarks of the innominates in static and dynamic conditions. About pain provocation tests, the results showed that posterior shear and hip resisted abduction tests are reliable tests to diagnose the pathology in the sacroiliac joints. The reliability of patric test that commonly used to determine the sacroiliac joints pathologies is in under question. Keywords: Sacroiliac joint, Reliability, Static tests, Dynamic tests, pain provocation test

Prevalence and associated factors of T-score discordance between different sites in Iranian patients with spinal cord injury

Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of T-score discordance and its risk factors in a group of patients with spinal cord injury in a university teaching hospital in the Iranian capital of Tehran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on paraplegic men undergoing bone density testing in an outpatient clinic at a hospital in the Iranian capital, Tehran, between March 2011 and 2012. A questionnaire on demographic and anthropometric characteristics, including age, height, weight, engagement in physical activity and personal smoking habits, was filled out for each subject. All the subjects underwent bone mineral density measurement and blood samples were sent for laboratory testing. Results: Major T-score discordance between two sites was noted in 54 (41.22%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that every unit increase in serum calcium levels, as the only factor influencing T-score discordance, was associated with a 2.49-fold increased risk in T-score discordance in the area. As for the spine and radius, BMI was the only influencing factor as every unit increase in BMI was associated with a 14% lower risk for T-score discordance in these regions. Body mass index was the only factor, based on the multivariate model, affecting the risk of developing T-score discordance between two sites. Conclusion: Our study revealed the high prevalence of T-score discordance in patients with spinal cord injury. Physicians should therefore be encouraged to perform BMD at three sites when visiting patients with such injuries

Interdigitated Deletion Complexes on Mouse Chromosome 5 Induced by Irradiation of Embryonic Stem Cells

Chromosome deletions have several applications in the genetic analysis of complex organisms. They can be used as reagents in region-directed mutagenesis, for mapping of simple or complex traits, or to identify biological consequences of segmental haploidy, the latter being relevant to human contiguous gene syndromes and imprinting. We have generated three deletion complexes in ES (Embryonic Stem) cells that collectively span ∼ 40 cM of proximal mouse chromosome 5. The deletion complexes were produced by irradiation of F(1) hybrid ES cells containing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase genes (tk) integrated at the Dpp6, Hdh (Huntington disease locus), or Gabrb1 loci, followed by selection for tk-deficient clones. Deletions centered at the adjacent Hdh and Dpp6 loci ranged up to ∼ 20 cM or more in length and overlapped in an interdigitated fashion. However, the interval between Hdh and Gabrb1 appeared to contain a locus haploinsufficient for ES cell viability, thereby preventing deletions of either complex from overlapping. In some cases, the deletions resolved the order of markers that were previously genetically inseparable. A subset of the ES cell–bearing deletions was injected into blastocysts to generate germline chimeras and establish lines of mice segregating the deletion chromosomes. At least 11 of the 26 lines injected were capable of producing germline chimeras. In general, those that failed to undergo germline transmission bore deletions larger than the germline-competent clones, suggesting that certain regions of chromosome 5 contain haploinsufficient developmental genes, and/or that overall embryonic viability is cumulatively decreased as more genes are rendered hemizygous. Mice bearing deletions presumably spanning the semidominant hammertoe locus (Hm) had no phenotype, suggesting that the classic allele is a dominant, gain-of-function mutation. Overlapping deletion complexes generated in the fashion described in this report will be useful as multipurpose genetic tools and in systematic functional mapping of the mouse genome