Crowd voting via online platforms as a way of citizens’ public participation in the development of municipalities (The active citizen case, Moscow)

Based on the theory of S. Arnstein, the paper considers crowd voting as one of the management levels available to citizens. The authors analyzed the Moscow online voting platform Active Citizen. Proceeding from the open data on the platform, the authors composed the socio-demographic profile of users, evaluated the proportion of active participation, the extent of their engagement in the voting processes depending on the themes of the problems brought to the attention of the townspeople

Adaptability and Self-Organization of the Doctoral Training System

Training of highly qualified personnel for science, education and industry is an important factor in the formation of a high-tech economy. The modern system of doctoral training does not always cope with its tasks. Enhancing the efficiency of doctoral training can be associated with an increase in adaptability and self-organization. The adaptation of the pedagogical system to changing conditions should be considered in a broad sense, while its fitting to students’ features is a special manifestation of this property. It is necessary to work out two mechanisms of its adaptation – passive and active. Passive adaptation means adjusting to changing external conditions (including a new law), changing in the systems of an adjacent and higher levels. Active adaptation involves the influence on other subsystems of the university educational environment, such as master’s school, additional education (retraining and advanced training of professors), the scientific and pedagogical personnel attestation system (dissertation councils), research departments. Such adaptation can take place according to the model of expanding influence, simultaneously at two levels – personal (subject-subjective) and organizational and managerial. Self-organization is considered as one of the most important features of the system adaptability and a condition for its successful functioning

ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ НКО В СФЕРЕ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ УСЛУГ: ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫЕ ОЖИДАНИЯ И РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ

The article deals with the contradictions of socially oriented activities of NGOs as service provides in two Russian regions (St. Petersburg and Sverdlovsk oblast). In the mixed system of social welfare, the importance of the non-profit sector is increasing, but the processes taking place due to the diverse regional practices are ambiguous. We focus on the issues of interaction of the non-profit sector with the state, reasons for strengthening the commercial interests of NGOs, interaction with regional authorities and the risks of the social service system at the regional level. The theoretical framework of the study is the transformation of welfare state into welfare-service state. The study used empirical data obtained by street and telephone surveys of population, interviews with representatives of NGOs, state service institutions and regional government. The analysis demonstrates that the key constraining factors for the development of NGOs as service providers are administrative barriers to access state fonds, inappropriate ways of government’s interaction with private services providers in a changing environment, the continued lack of confidence to NGO’ activities among the majority of the population. NGOs are limitedly represented in the social service provider registries for a number of reasons: high bureaucratic requirements; difficultly implemented requirements for reporting for cost recovery; strong control on NGO’s activities by the authorities; untimely informing concerning grant competitions; non-transparency of competitive procedures. The formal approach of authorities indicates that the institutional advantages of NGOs, their ability to social innovations are not considered. Overcoming the barriers for NGOs as social service providers should be also considered as a resource for increasing the public trust in private sector. © 2020 National Research University Higher School of Economics. All rights reserved

От проблемы к решению: риторика дискурса социальных предпринимателей

This article presents the result of analysis of the discourse of modern social entrepreneurs as actors in the legitimation of social problems of society. Based on the ideas of a constructionist approach, we considered social problems not as an objective reality in society, but as a construct of claimsmaking to change a situation created by people. Recent studies show the low effectiveness of measures used by 'insiders' of social policy. Social entrepreneurs, being new actors in the process of advancing and legitimizing social problems, according to the authors, have high potential not only in constructing a social problem, but also in developing its effective solution. The empirical basis of the study was public speaking, interviews, and descriptions of projects presented on official websites, crowd platforms and social networks of leaders of Russian social entrepreneurship Guzel Sanzhapova (Maly Turysh village, Sverdlovsk region) and Daria Alekseeva (Charity Shop, Moscow). Both entrepreneurs are actively involved in the discourse of social problems, formulate claims-making and promote them in public arenas. In our analysis we use the concept of Peter Ibarra and John Kitsuse, which measures the discourse of social problems in four dimensions of rhetoric: Rhetorical idioms, counter-rhetoric, motifs and claims-making styles. The study showed that social entrepreneurs on the public arena do not use negative and dramatic rhetorical idioms, such as the rhetoric of endangerment, unreason and calamity. There are rhetoric of loss and rhetoric of entitlement. We conclude that social entrepreneurs play the role of 'social constructivists' (according to the Shaker Zahra typology), filling social gaps, solving acute social problems, working in those areas and with those groups that remain beyond the interests of other agents of social policy. © 2021 National Research University Higher School of Economics. All rights reserved.This article was carried out with support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) according to scientific project no. 19–18–00246 'Challenges of Transformation of the Welfare State in Russia: Institutional Changes, Social Investment, Digitalization of Social Services,' implemented at Saint Petersburg State University

Contradictions in the Development of the Welfare Non-Profit Sector in Russia

Received 28 April 2023. Accepted 8 August 2023. Published online 6 October 2023.The article focuses on the core contradictions within the development of the social non-profit sector in Russia. The empirical basis of the study comprises statistical data, legal documents regulating the social services’ sphere, research data from previous studies conducted in Russia, as well as qualitative data collected for this study. The introduction provides background information on the stages of reforming the social service system in Russia. The first part is devoted to the contradictions between international trends and Russian patterns. In line with a neoliberal approach, non-profit NGOs play a significant role as key actors in social work providing social services for different client groups. At the same time, they are not independent and Russian civil society is not yet strong enough to realize social rights of citizens. In the next section, some of the key issues of interaction between the government and NGOs are discussed. An analysis of the current situation demonstrates that while a social partnership between the state and NGOs is affirmed by authorities on official level, in practice, the state still dominates the social sector. The article then focuses on how Russian NGOs have reoriented their efforts toward financial sustainability through government support.This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) under the project No. 19–18–00246-P, titled “Challenges of the transformation of welfare state in Russia: institutional changes, social investment, digitalization of social services”, implemented at St. Petersburg State University

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 Infections-Unexpected Similarities of Pathogenesis and What to Expect from Co-Infection

Tuberculosis is still an important medical and social problem. In recent years, great strides have been made in the fight against M. tuberculosis, especially in the Russian Federation. However, the emergence of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has led to the long-term isolation of the population on the one hand and to the relevance of using personal protective equipment on the other. Our knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation and tissue destruction is rapidly expanding, while our understanding of the pathology of human pulmonary tuberculosis gained through more the 100 years of research is still limited. This paper reviews the main molecular and cellular differences and similarities caused by M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 infections, as well as their critical immunological and pathomorphological features. Immune suppression caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus may result in certain difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Furthermore, long-term lymphopenia, hyperinflammation, lung tissue injury and imbalance in CD4+ T cell subsets associated with COVID-19 could propagate M. tuberculosis infection and disease progression

Social investment: Problems and development strategies

We present the findings of a survey aimed at identifying expert opinions about social investment policies. Our sample includes respondents from Russian regions (n = 160) involved in the production of social services – specialists and heads of state social institutions, non-profit organizations, social entrepreneurs, and authorities. Research findings suggest key factors that might contribute to the development of non-profit sector of social services and social entrepreneurship. The state and local governments are considered by experts as the main investors, while financial investments in the form of budget subsidies and grants are the most anticipated forms for solving regional social issues. Investing in infrastructure and personnel is among the most popular areas for social investment related to the development of new suppliers. According to the respondents, the priority spheres for social entrepreneurship are investments to children, youth, health, and active longevity. The survey participants view social investment as a strategy for the social development of regions based on the achievement of social goals combined with economic results. The professional community considers the lack of interest in the new type of entrepreneurship among residents of the regions, including private investors, and the weak interest of local governments as risks for social investment policy and social entrepreneurship © 2022. Terra Economicus.All Rights Reserved.Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 19-18-00246Funding: The research is prepared with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, project № 19-18-00246 “Challenges of transformation of the welfare state in Russia: Institutional changes, social investment, digitalization of social services”, implemented at St. Petersburg State University

95 ЛЕТ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОМУ ИНСТИТУТУ ФТИЗИОПУЛЬМОНОЛОГИИ: ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ЗА ПОСЛЕДНЕЕ ДЕСЯТИЛЕТИЕ ПО ПРОФИЛАКТИКЕ, ДИАГНОСТИКЕ И ЛЕЧЕНИЮ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА

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TREATMENT EFFICIENCY OF DRUG SUSCEPTIBLE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

The article describes the study of comparative efficiency of fenazid (isonicotinoilhydrazine-О,N’) ferrous dihydrate sulphate (II) and isoniazid in drug susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis patients.The high treatment efficiency namely significant improvement and improvement was observed in the patients of Group 1 – 84.1% which could be compared to the standard treatment regimen (85-7%) in Group 2. The total number of adverse reactions in the main group was confidently lower – 18.6% against 33.9%, p < 0.05. Hepatotoxic reactions with 2-3 fold increase of alaninetransferase level was registered significantly less (9.3%) in Group 1 compared to the Group treated with isoniazid

Peculiarities of Motivation of Students for Young People to Volunteer Activity

The article presents the results of a sociological study of the motives of volunteer activities of students of schools, secondary schools (Colleges) and Universities participating in volunteer organizations implementing current social projects in Yekaterinburg. The opinion of 207 people was studied by the method of questionnaire survey, the sample population is dominated by schoolchildren, and it includes students of Colleges and undergraduate students. The analysis of the research results shows the dynamic nature of motivation of students of educational institutions to work in volunteer public organizations. The nature of the motives depends on the experience in these organizations, the degree of involvement in volunteer activities, the level of educational institutions. The predominant motives associated with the personal growth of young students, mostly cognitive motives – the desire to learn something new, learn something new, and learn new experiences. The second position is taken by the motives associated with the need to have new friends and maintain good relations with them. The third group of motives expresses the values of altruistic nature - to benefit people, to help those who need help. The authors come to the conclusion that public organizations of volunteers in educational institutions act as an external factor influencing the development of motivation for volunteering. The problem is that they should plan their activities in such a way as to meet the needs and interests of young people, to direct their activity to solve socially significant problems. Their activities should not be limited to those related to youth recreation and recreational activities.В статье представлены результаты социологического исследования мотивов волонтерской деятельности учащихся школ, средних учебных заведений (ССУЗов) и университетов (ВУЗов), участвующих в волонтерских организациях, реализующих актуальные социальные проекты в г. Екатеринбурге. Методом анкетного опроса изучено мнение 207 человек, в выборочной совокупности преобладают школьники, в нее вошли студенты ССУзов и студенты младших курсов ВУЗов. Анализ результатов исследования свидетельствует о динамичном характере мотивации учащихся образовательных учреждений к деятельности в волонтерских общественных организациях. Характер мотивов зависит от опыта работы в этих организациях, степени включенности в волонтерскую деятельность, от уровня образовательного учреждения. Преобладают мотивы, связанные с личностным ростом учащейся молодежи, в основном это познавательные мотивы – желание узнавать что-то новое, учиться чему-то новому, овладевать новым опытом. Вторую позицию занимают мотивы, связанные с потребностью иметь новых друзей и поддерживать хорошие отношения с ними. Третья группа мотивов выражает ценности альтруистического характера – приносить пользу людям, помогать тем, кто нуждается в помощи. Авторы приходят к выводу, что общественные организации волонтеров в образовательных учреждениях выступают внешним фактором, влияющим на развитие мотивации к волонтерской деятельности. Проблема состоит в том, что им необходимо планировать волонтерскую деятельность так, чтобы отвечая запросам и интересам молодежи, направлять их активность на решение общественно значимых проблем. Их деятельность не должна ограничиваться функциями, связанными с заполнением досуга молодежи и развлекательными мероприятиями