Mass spectrometry measurements of the lower atmosphere of Venus

Mass spectrometer experiments installed on the descent vehicles of the Venera-11 and the Venera-12 are described. Data on the chemical composition of the lower atmosphere of Venus is discussed with emphasis on the isotope state of the basic components (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) and of the inert gases

Triggering of great earthquakes: calculation and analysis of combined tidal effect of the Moon and Sun

The largest part of solid minerals (with the exception of those which are at the earth's surface) is being extracted world-wide by surface and underground mining techniques, with adits, mines and other mine workings being used. A considerable amount of mineral deposits (including oil reservoirs) is located either close to a fault-line or immediately within the zone of high seismic activity. To prevent economic and environmental damage under the effect of an earthquake, thorough seismic monitoring of the area must be performed, as well as the study of all possible mechanisms of an earthquake occurrence. In analysing the trigger effect of moon- and sun-induced tidal forces on seismic activity, six great earthquakes which occurred close to equatorial latitude over the last 15 years have been considered. Based on the positions of the Sun and Moon during the day relative to the point mass, the maps of horizontal, vertical components and vector of gravitational forces per unit mass have been plotted. The developed technique can be applicable to a set of methods to study integration and stress unloading mechanisms at the boundaries of block structures

Abundance and distribution of pacific walrus <i>Odobenus rosmarus divergens</i> in vicinity of Cape Serdtse-Kamen in 2009-2013

Results of the first special research of pacific walrus Odobenus rosmarus divergens at Cape Serdtse-Kamen conducted in the 2009-2011 and 2013 are presented. The coastal haulout place looks as series of relatively isolated areas (up to 36) located alongshore about 20 km from Cape Serdtse-Kamen to the Ikalyurynveem River mouth. Initially the walruses were on the northwestern edge of the haulout place between Cape Serdtse-Kamen and Cape Sulyn but expanded southeastward with increasing of their number. In the years with early and intense ice melting, the walruses come to the area in early September, and the haulout forms to the end of the first 10-day period of this month. In conditions of late ice retreat, as in the 2013, the walruses on the whole come to Cape Serdthse-Kamen later. The maximum number of walruses in this area was observed in 2009 (about 98,000 animals) and 2010 (118,500). This is the record number of walruses ever recorded simultaneously on one coastal haulout in the species range. Almost the whole Pacific population gathers in the vicinity of Cape Serdtse-Kamen for feeding in late autumn and continues to feed there until freezing of the Chukchi Sea. In spite of obvious significance of the area at Cape Serdtse-Kamen for the pacific walrus population, there still aren’t any special measures of their protection in this part of the coast when they are ashore - the measures are definitely necessary to prevent intensive economic activities in this key for the walruses area and to save the coastal haulout for traditional use of native people

Estimate of Radial Drilling Technology Efficiency for the Bashkir Operational Oilfields Objects of Perm Krai

The radial drilling technology efficiency for carbonate bashkir deposits of Perm Krai is considered. The geological structure of a productive part of bashkir layer is characterized by high degree of heterogeneity that promotes while drilling radial channels involvement in development additional interlayers that earlier was not drained. During the analysis the main geological process parameters affecting drilling technology efficiency were revealed. According to the dynamics of average daily oil production growth, palettes were built to forecast additional oil production as a result of radial drilling activities. Using the pallets, it is possible to predict the total additional oil production, well operating time with the effect of radial drilling and average daily oil production growth for each year. It was found that hydrochloric acid treatments performed on wells prior to radial drilling significantly reduce the effectiveness of radial drilling technology. For such wells, the value of the correction is statistically substantiated, which reduces the predictive estimate of the increase in oil production. A model was built to assess the increase in oil production in the first year after the event and an algorithm for calculating the total additional oil production was developed using linear discriminant analysis. For the resulting model, errors are calculated that are compared with the forecast efficiency of standard methods for oil-producing enterprises. This model shows a much more accurate correspondence of forecast results to actual technology application results. The probability of the event high efficiency increases significantly with a more detailed approach to the selection of wells for radial drilling. According to the forecast methodology, the technology’s efficiency was calculated and recommendations for its implementation for the wells of the Bashkir production objects were made in the interests of an oil-producing enterprise

Forecast of the Development of Sediment Pile Foundations in Water-Saturated Clay Soils

The article presents the methodology and the main results of experimental studies of the laws governing the development of single-pile sediment in time on models under short-term and long-term exposure to loads. The obtained data are compared with the results of observations of precipitation of natural foundations. Indicates the direction of further research on the development of methods for predicting the sediment pile foundations. Established the legitimacy of the design of pile foundations for the maximum allowable deformations in the conditions of water-saturated clay soils. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Evaluation of power losses during stochastic changes in the current of the main drives of cold rolling mills

This paper presents the analysis of the adverse impact of the current oscillations on electric power losses in the manufacture of flat rolled products. The results of mathematical processing of experimental data for the study of the influence of transient processes in the cold rolling mill electromechanical systems on the rate of power losses during rolling are discussed. The negative effect caused by power losses has been evaluated and focus areas to reduce the operational costs have been identified. In addition, technical measures aimed at minimizing oscillation processes during rolling have been proposed

Activity of Russian Entrepreneurs in Field of Tea Production in Yangtze River Valley in Second Half of 19th Century

The development of the Russian tea industry in the Chinese provinces along the Yangtze River valley in the second half of the 19th century is examined in the article. It is noted that among the regions where Russian tea factories were located, the main role belonged to the province of Hubei, in addition, the presence of production in the provinces of Hunan and Jiangxi was revealed. The historical situation in which the Russian tea industry arose is studied. Based on archival and published material, the number of Russian factories in Central China is shown. It is revealed that in the 70s of the 19th century, Russian trading houses operating in China began to transfer factories from the interior of Hubei province to the port of Hankou. It has been determined that cheap brick tea has become the main commodity produced in Russian factories, while Russian entrepreneurs are gradually abandoning the production of long leaf tea. Separately, the features of tea production and the organization of the workflow were studied. It is proved that the Russian tea factory in China has become one of the important factors of not only economic, but also socio-cultural contact between Russian and Chinese civilizations

Estimation of the influence of fracture parameters uncertainty on the dynamics of technological development indicators of the Tournaisian-Famennian oil reservoir in Sukharev oil field

Issues related to the influence of reservoir properties uncertainty on oil field development modelling are considered. To increase the reliability of geological-hydrodynamic mathematical model in the course of multivariate matching, the influence of reservoir properties uncertainty on the design technological parameters of development was estimated, and their mutual influence was determined. The optimal conditions for the development of the deposit were determined, and multivariate forecasts were made. The described approach of history matching and calculation of the forecast of technological development indicators allows to obtain a more reliable and a less subjective history match as well as to increase the reliability of long-term and short-term forecasts