The indelible power of the intraverbal: Expanding the intraverbal repertoire and utilizing conditioned praise words to decrease problem behaviors of typically developing students in schools

This study tested a disciplinary strategy that aimed at teaching students positive behaviors to decrease (or eliminate) problem behavior at school. In this study, data of five disruptive students from a middle school in South Texas were analyzed to evaluate the outcomes of the disciplinary strategy implemented by a disciplinary program facilitator at the campus. Students were conditioned to be more receptive to particular praise words related to positive thinking, and ten teachers at the campus were trained to deliver the conditioned praise words when the students expressed positive behaviors that corresponded with the conditioned praise words. Positive thinking celerated for all students with differential reinforcement. Moreover, the students engaged in problem behaviors less, and positive behaviors increased after commencing treatment with the conditioned praise words

Unmixing AVIRIS data to provide a method for vegetation fraction subtraction

Five flight lines of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data were acquired over the Dolly Varden Mountains in northeastern Nevada on 2 June 1989. Signal-to-noise ratio values are given. The empirical line method was used to convert AVIRIS radiance values to reflectance. This method involves calculating gain and offset values for each band. These values are based upon a comparison of the imaging spectrometer data and field reflectance measurements, both taken over the same ground targets. The targets used were a dark andesite flow and a bright playa

Electronic ground states of Fe2+_2^+ and Co2+_2^+ as determined by x-ray absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy

The $^6\Pi$ electronic ground state of the Co$_2^+$ diatomic molecular cation has been assigned experimentally by x-ray absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy in a cryogenic ion trap. Three candidates, $^6\Phi$, $^8\Phi$, and $^8\Gamma$, for the electronic ground state of Fe$_2^+$ have been identified. These states carry sizable orbital angular momenta that disagree with theoretical predictions from multireference configuration interaction and density functional theory. Our results show that the ground states of neutral and cationic diatomic molecules of $3d$ transition elements cannot generally be assumed to be connected by a one-electron process

Direct Observation of High-Spin States in Manganese Dimer and Trimer Cations by X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy in an Ion Trap

The electronic structure and magnetic moments of free Mn$_2^+$ and Mn$_3^+$ are characterized by $2p$ x-ray absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy in a cryogenic ion trap that is coupled to a synchrotron radiation beamline. Our results show directly that localized magnetic moments of 5 $\mu_B$ are created by $3d^5 (^6\mathrm{S})$ states at each ionic core, which are coupled in parallel to form molecular high-spin states via indirect exchange that is mediated in both cases by a delocalized valence electron in a singly-occupied $4s$ derived orbital with an unpaired spin. This leads to total magnetic moments of 11 $\mu_B$ for Mn$_2^+$ and 16 $\mu_B$ for Mn$_3^+$, with no contribution of orbital angular momentum

Argonaute-Bound Small RNAs from Promoter-Proximal RNA Polymerase II

Argonaute (Ago) proteins mediate posttranscriptional gene repression by binding guide miRNAs to regulate targeted RNAs. To confidently assess Ago-bound small RNAs, we adapted a mouse embryonic stem cell system to express a single epitope-tagged Ago protein family member in an inducible manner. Here, we report the small RNA profile of Ago-deficient cells and show that Ago-dependent stability is a common feature of mammalian miRNAs. Using this criteria and immunopurification, we identified an Ago-dependent class of noncanonical miRNAs derived from protein-coding gene promoters, which we name transcriptional start site miRNAs (TSS-miRNAs). A subset of promoter-proximal RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) complexes produces hairpin RNAs that are processed in a DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (Dgcr8)/Drosha-independent but Dicer-dependent manner. TSS-miRNA activity is detectable from endogenous levels and following overexpression of mRNA constructs. Finally, we present evidence of differential expression and conservation in humans, suggesting important roles in gene regulation.United States. Public Health Service (grant RO1 GM34277)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (PO1-CA42063)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (Koch Institute Support (core) grant P30-CA14051)National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (F32GM101872)National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (F32CA139902

Características socioempresariales de explotaciones ovinas con diferentes estructuras productivas.

publishedTomo I . Sección: Sistemas Ganaderos-Economía y Gestión. Sesión: Economía II. Ponencia nº 1

Phenotypes in phylogeography: Species\u27 traits, environmental variation, and vertebrate diversification

Almost 30 y ago, the field of intraspecific phylogeography laid the foundation for spatially explicit and genealogically informed studies of population divergence. With new methods and markers, the focus in phylogeography shifted to previously unrecognized geographic genetic variation, thus reducing the attention paid to phenotypic variation in those same diverging lineages. Although phenotypic differences among lineages once provided the main data for studies of evolutionary change, the mechanisms shaping phenotypic differentiation and their integration with intraspecific genetic structure have been underexplored in phylogeographic studies. However, phenotypes are targets of selection and play important roles in species performance, recognition, and diversification. Here, we focus on three questions. First, how can phenotypes elucidate mechanisms underlying concordant or idiosyncratic responses of vertebrate species evolving in shared landscapes? Second, what mechanisms underlie the concordance or discordance of phenotypic and phylogeographic differentiation? Third, how can phylogeography contribute to our understanding of functional phenotypic evolution? We demonstrate that the integration of phenotypic data extends the reach of phylogeography to explain the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Finally, we stress the importance of natural history collections as sources of high-quality phenotypic data that span temporal and spatial axes

Energía y productos de hidrólisis a partir de cultivos industriales y forestales

Se caracterizan química y energéticamente diversas especiesvegetales de elevada producción de biomasa (Eucalyptus globulus, tallos de girasol, Chamaecitysus proliferus, Paulownia fortunei, Leucaena diversifolia y Arundo donax) y se estudia el proceso de autohidrólisis en condiciones no isotermas en un marco general de evaluación de la valorización por fraccionamiento y aprovechamiento integral de las fracciones lignocelulósicas con posterior aprovechamiento energético de la fase sólida post-hidrólisis. Los procesos de autohidrólisis se han revelado particularmente interesantes en el caso de las especies madereras estudiadas frente a las especies herbáceas con variaciones en la extracción de la fracción de xilano a 180ºC entre el 19,7% de Eucalyptus globulus y el 36,8% de Leucaenadiversifolia y a 200ºC entre el 57,9% de Paulownia fortunei y el 79,1% de Chamaecytisus proliferus. Las especies madereras de corta rotación de cultivo ensayadas se manifiestan más susceptibles que la especie de referencia (Eucalyptus globulus) al proceso de autohidrólisis a bajas temperaturas. La explotación de las especies madereras de corta rotación ensayadas por combustión directa de la fracción sólida post-autohidrólisis a 200ºC aporta, además de la valorización inherente a los oligómeros y monosacáridos de la fracción líquida, un aumento del poder calorífico relativo de la fracción sólida post-autohidrólisis del 3,4% en Paulownia fortunei y 6,7% en Leucaena diversifolia