El turismo urbano como oferta turística alternativa en Medellín: comportamientos espaciales de la ciudad como destino turístico

The research project “Update and implementation of the inventory of Medellín city’s tourist attractions and its districts”, carried out in 2016 in collaboration with the Undersecretariat of Tourism of the City Hall of Medellín, raised the following questions: Is there a clear offer of cultural and environmental tourist tours in Medellín? How can the resources identified and assessed in the tourism inventory contribute to an offer that meets the needs of tourists visiting Medellín today? This paper focuses on these questions and aims to reflect on the recognition and assessment of the local tourism offer as well as on the management model of the city from its inception. This analysis shows manifestations and spatial behaviors that create inclusive opportunities for communities, and project a new image of an emergent city which is resilient in the face of difficulties and innovative in its actions, like few in the world. It also allows to identify new opportunities for urban planning and future intervention, for which everyone must be willing to increase and maintain the possibility of optimizing local economic and social development in a sustainable and competitive way.El proyecto de investigación «Actualización e implementación del inventario de atractivos turísticos de la ciudad de Medellín y sus corregimientos», en convenio de asociación con la Subsecretaría de Turismo de la Alcaldía de Medellín realizado para el año 2016, dejó los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Existe una oferta clara de recorridos turísticos,tanto culturales como ambientales, en Medellín?, y ¿cómo pueden los recursos identificados y valorados en el inventario turístico contribuir a que dicha oferta satisfaga las necesidades del turista que llega a Medellín actualmente? Abordar este cuestionamiento es fundamental en este artículo, que busca una reflexión acerca del reconocimiento y valoración de la oferta turística local y el modelo de gestión de la ciudad desde sus inicios. Esta reflexión permite evidenciar manifestaciones y comportamientos espaciales que generan hoy oportunidades a las comunidades de una manera incluyente e irradian una nueva imagen de ciudad emergente, resiliente de sus dificultades e innovadora en sus acciones, como pocas en el mundo; también permite identificar nuevas oportunidades de ciudad para su ordenación e intervención planificadora hacia el futuro, en las que todos deben prepararse para aumentar y conservar la posibilidad de optimizar el desarrollo económico y social local de manera sostenible y competitiva

Metal-Substituted Microporous Aluminophosphates

This chapter aims to present the zeotypes aluminophosphates (AlPOs) as a complementary alternative to zeolites in the isomorphic incorporation of metal ions within all-inorganic microporous frameworks as well as to discuss didactically the catalytic consequences derived from the distinctive features of both frameworks. It does not intend to be a compilation of either all or the most significant publications involving metal-substituted microporous aluminophosphates. Families of AlPOs and zeolites, which include metal ion-substituted variants, are the dominant microporous materials. Both these systems are widely used as catalysts, in particular through aliovalent metal ions substitution. Here, some general description of the synthesis procedures and characterization techniques of the MeAPOs (metal-contained aluminophosphates) is given along with catalytic properties. Next, some illustrative examples of the catalytic possibilities of MeAPOs as catalysts in the transformation of the organic molecules are given. The oxidation of the hardly activated hydrocarbons has probably been the most successful use of AlPOs doped with the divalent transition metal ions Co2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+, whose incorporation in zeolites is disfavoured. The catalytic role of these MeAPOs is rationalized based on the knowledge acquired from a combination of the most advanced characterization techniques. Finally, the importance of the high specificity of the structure-directing agents employed in the preparation of MeAPOs is discussed taking N,N-methyldicyclohexylamine in the synthesis of AFI-structured materials as a driving force. It is shown how such a high specificity could be predicted and how it can open great possibilities in the control of parameters as critical in catalysis as crystal size, inter-and intracrystalline mesoporosity, acidity, redox properties, incorporation of a great variety of heteroatom ions or final environment of the metal site (surrounding it by either P or Al)

Physical-chemical characterization of the textile dye Azo Ab52 degradation by corona plasma

This work characterizes the degradation of the textile dye azo Acid Black 52 by measuring several physical and chemical parameters. A corona plasma was created at atmospheric pressure and applied on the liquid-air interface of water samples containing the dye. 1.0 mM of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) was added to 1.0 mM dye solution, for a total volume of 250 mL. For each treatment, a number of parameters were quantified. These were voltage, current, temperature, loss of volume, pH, electrical conductivity, concentration, optical mission spectra, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and the removal ratio. Because of the increase in the sample temperature, the volume lost by evaporation was explored. The results show that the efficiency of the dye degradation by plasma is a function of treatment time. Moreover, the reactive concentration of FeSO4 and the exposition time of the plasma were varied at a constant volume, leading to the determination of the concentrations and optimal times. Considering the degradation and removal parameters, at the maximum treated time of 80 min, it found that COD was of 96.36%, TOC of 93.93%, and the removal ratio of 97.47%

La Ley de Wagner y el gasto público en el Perú periodo 1980-2018

El objetivo del artículo ha sido determinar si la Ley de Wagner se cumple en el Perú durante el periodo 1980-2018. La Ley de Wagner propone que el crecimiento del Gasto Público se explica por el crecimiento del PBI. En la medida que existen distintas formas funcionales para estimar dicha relación, hemos tomados las tres primeras versiones de las seis que sintetiza Jaén (2014) para la economía española y las hemos estimado para el caso peruano. La primera versión propone que el Gasto Público es una función del PBI; la segunda versión propone que el Consumo Público es una función del PBI y, la tercera, propone que el Gasto Público es una función del PBI per cápita. En ese sentido, hemos tomado datos reales sobre dichas variables publicados por el Banco Central de Reserva del Perú, hemos analizado su evolución y hemos estimado las tres formas funcionales propuestas. Las estimaciones prueban que, en las tres versiones analizadas, se cumple la Ley de Wagner en el Perú para el periodo 1980-2018

2022 Update of the Colombian Consensus on Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Chapter on Heart Failure, Heart Transplantation and Pulmonary Hypertension of the Colombian Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery

Introducción y objetivo: desde la publicación del Consenso Colombiano de Insuficiencia Cardíaca de 2017, se ha publicado nueva evidencia científica sobre el tratamiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, en especial, del grupo de pacientes con fracción de eyección reducida. Por tal motivo, el Capítulo de Falla Cardíaca, Trasplante Cardiaco e Hipertensión Pulmonar de la Asociación Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular decidió realizar un consenso de expertos con el fin de hacer recomendaciones actualizadas, basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible, acerca del tratamiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida. Método: se seleccionaron 20 médicos cardiólogos miembros del Capítulo. Se definieron 11 preguntas para ser resueltas durante el consenso, con base en las cuales se realizó una revisión de la literatura. El consenso se desarrolló en ocho fases, y se usó la Técnica de Grupo Nominal. Resultados y conclusiones: se plantean 11 recomendaciones actualizadas sobre el manejo de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida. Se espera que estas recomendaciones sean aplicadas en las instituciones que manejan pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca y que su aplicación se refleje en la reducción de la carga de enfermedad, hospitalizaciones y mortalidad asociada, así como en el impacto económico que genera la enfermedad.Q4Pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducidaIntroduction and objective: since the publication of the Colombian Consensus on Heart Failure in 2017, new scientific evidence has been published for the management of patients with heart failure, especially in the group of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. For such reason, the Chapter on Heart Failure, Heart Transplantation and Pulmonary Hypertension of the SCC decided to conduct an expert consensus to issue updated recommendations, based on the best available evidence, about the management of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Methodology: 20 cardiologists, members of the chapter were selected. Eleven questions were defined to be resolved during the consensus, and a review of the literature was carried out for each question. The consensus was developed in eight phases, using the Nominal Group Technique. Results and conclusions: 11 updated recommendations on the management of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction are provided. It is expected that these recommendations will be applied at institutions that manage patients with heart failure and that their application will be reflected in the reduction of the burden of disease, hospitalizations, associated mortality and the economic impact generated by the disease.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6329-6692https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3606-2102Revista Nacional - IndexadaCN

Patients with Crohn's disease have longer post-operative in-hospital stay than patients with colon cancer but no difference in complications' rate

BACKGROUNDRight hemicolectomy or ileocecal resection are used to treat benign conditions like Crohn's disease (CD) and malignant ones like colon cancer (CC).AIMTo investigate differences in pre- and peri-operative factors and their impact on post-operative outcome in patients with CC and CD.METHODSThis is a sub-group analysis of the European Society of Coloproctology's prospective, multi-centre snapshot audit. Adult patients with CC and CD undergoing right hemicolectomy or ileocecal resection were included. Primary outcome measure was 30-d post-operative complications. Secondary outcome measures were post-operative length of stay (LOS) at and readmission.RESULTSThree hundred and seventy-five patients with CD and 2,515 patients with CC were included. Patients with CD were younger (median = 37 years for CD and 71 years for CC (P < 0.01), had lower American Society of Anesthesiology score (ASA) grade (P < 0.01) and less comorbidity (P < 0.01), but were more likely to be current smokers (P < 0.01). Patients with CD were more frequently operated on by colorectal surgeons (P < 0.01) and frequently underwent ileocecal resection (P < 0.01) with higher rate of de-functioning/primary stoma construction (P < 0.01). Thirty-day post-operative mortality occurred exclusively in the CC group (66/2515, 2.3%). In multivariate analyses, the risk of post-operative complications was similar in the two groups (OR 0.80, 95%CI: 0.54-1.17; P = 0.25). Patients with CD had a significantly longer LOS (Geometric mean 0.87, 95%CI: 0.79-0.95; P < 0.01). There was no difference in re-admission rates. The audit did not collect data on post-operative enhanced recovery protocols that are implemented in the different participating centers.CONCLUSIONPatients with CD were younger, with lower ASA grade, less comorbidity, operated on by experienced surgeons and underwent less radical resection but had a longer LOS than patients with CC although complication's rate was not different between the two groups

The transcriptome of the novel dinoflagellate <it>Oxyrrhis marina </it>(Alveolata: Dinophyceae): response to salinity examined by 454 sequencing

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The heterotrophic dinoflagellate <it>Oxyrrhis marina </it>is increasingly studied in experimental, ecological and evolutionary contexts. Its basal phylogenetic position within the dinoflagellates make <it>O. marina </it>useful for understanding the origin of numerous unusual features of the dinoflagellate lineage; its broad distribution has lent <it>O. marina </it>to the study of protist biogeography; and nutritive flexibility and eurytopy have made it a common lab rat for the investigation of physiological responses of marine heterotrophic flagellates. Nevertheless, genome-scale resources for <it>O. marina </it>are scarce. Here we present a 454-based transcriptome survey for this organism. In addition, we assess sequence read abundance, as a proxy for gene expression, in response to salinity, an environmental factor potentially important in determining <it>O. marina </it>spatial distributions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Sequencing generated ~57 Mbp of data which assembled into 7, 398 contigs. Approximately 24% of contigs were nominally identified by BLAST. A further clustering of contigs (at ≥ 90% identity) revealed 164 transcript variant clusters, the largest of which (Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase) was composed of 28 variants displaying predominately synonymous variation. In a genomic context, a sample of 5 different genes were demonstrated to occur as tandem repeats, separated by short (~200-340 bp) inter-genic regions. For HSP90 several intergenic variants were detected suggesting a potentially complex genomic arrangement. In response to salinity, analysis of 454 read abundance highlighted 9 and 20 genes over or under expressed at 50 PSU, respectively. However, 454 read abundance and subsequent qPCR validation did not correlate well - suggesting that measures of gene expression via <it>ad hoc </it>analysis of sequence read abundance require careful interpretation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Here we indicate that tandem gene arrangements and the occurrence of multiple transcribed gene variants are common and indicate potentially complex genomic arrangements in <it>O. marina</it>. Comparison of the reported data set with existing <it>O. marina </it>and other dinoflagellates ESTs indicates little sequence overlap likely as a result of the relatively limited extent of genome scale sequence data currently available for the dinoflagellates. This is one of the first 454-based transcriptome surveys of an ancestral dinoflagellate taxon and will undoubtedly prove useful for future comparative studies aimed at reconstructing the origin of novel features of the dinoflagellates.</p