Effect of mid-line or low-line milking systems on lipolysis and milk composition in dairy goats

[EN] Two experiments were carried out to investigate how milking in mid-line (ML) affects the lipolysis level and milk composition in goat livestock, in comparison with low-line (LL) milking. The first experiment took place, in triplicate, on an experimental farm. For each replicate, a crossover design (62 goats, two treatments, ML and LL, in two periods each lasting 4 days) was used. Milk samples were taken daily at 0 and 24 h after milking. In the first experimental replicate, some enzymatic coagulation cheeses were made, which were assessed by a panel of tasters at 50 and 100 days of maturation. In the second experiment, the lipolysis level and composition of tank milk from 55 commercial dairy goat farms (25 ML and 30 LL) were analysed, in milk samples taken in three different weeks. The results of the first experiment showed that ML milking increased free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in raw goat's milk significantly (0.71 v. 0.40 mmol/l, respectively). However, in the milk samples taken from commercial farms the FFA concentration remained unaffected by the milking pipeline height (0.59 v. 0.58 mmol/l for ML and LL, respectively). No significant differences were found in the milk composition, nor in the sensory characteristics in the cured cheeses, which suggests that factors other than the milkline height are able to influence the level of lipolysis under commercial conditions. Therefore, ML milking should not be discouraged, provided that the correct functioning and management of the milking operation and milk storage on the farm is guaranteed.Beltrán Martínez, MC.; Manzur Cruz, A.; Rodríguez Garcia, M.; Díaz Sánchez, JR.; Peris Ribera, CJ. (2018). Effect of mid-line or low-line milking systems on lipolysis and milk composition in dairy goats. Journal of Agricultural Science. 156(8):848-854. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859618000771S848854156

Apple polyphenols in human and animal health*

Apples contain substantial amounts of polyphenols, and diverse phenolics mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids, have been identified in their flesh and skins. This work aimed to analyze the overall landscape of the research literature published to date on apple phenolic compounds in the context of human and animal health. The Web of Science Core Collection electronic database was queried with (apple* polyphenol*) AND (health* OR illness* OR disease* OR medic* OR pharma*) to identify relevant papers covering these words and their derivatives in the titles, abstracts, and keywords. The resulted 890 papers were bibliometrically analyzed. The VOSviewer software was utilized to produce term maps that illustrate how the frequent phrases fared in terms of publication and citation data. The apple polyphenol papers received global contributions, particularly from China, Italy, the United States, Spain, and Germany. Examples of frequently mentioned chemicals/chemical classes are quercetin, anthocyanin, catechin, epicatechin, and flavonol, while examples of frequently mentioned medical conditions are cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimers disease, and obesity. The potential health benefits of apple polyphenols on humans and animals are diverse and warrant further study.Authors acknowledge the support from The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) of Poland (project number POIR.01.01.01-00-0593/18).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Phytol: A review of biomedical activities

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This author accepted manuscript is made available following 12 month embargo from date of publication (Auguist 2018) in accordance with the publisher’s archiving policyPhytol (PYT) is a diterpene member of the long-chain unsaturated acyclic alcohols. PYT and some of its derivatives, including phytanic acid (PA), exert a wide range of biological effects. PYT is a valuable essential oil (EO) used as a fragrance and a potential candidate for a broad range of applications in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry. There is ample evidence that PA may play a crucial role in the development of pathophysiological states. Focusing on PYT and some of its most relevant derivatives, here we present a systematic review of reported biological activities, along with their underlying mechanism of action. Recent investigations with PYT demonstrated anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating, cytotoxic, antioxidant, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, and antimicrobial effects. PPARs- and NF-κB-mediated activities are also discussed as mechanisms responsible for some of the bioactivities of PYT. The overall goal of this review is to discuss recent findings pertaining to PYT biological activities and its possible applications

Effects of antioxidants in fat contained in bulky forages on cows’ milk quality

Antyoksydanty zawarte w paszach objętościowych, tj. tokoferole i karotenoidy, odgrywają istotną rolę w pokryciu zapotrzebowania krów mlecznych na karoten oraz witaminy A i E. W pracy dokonano przeglądu wyników badań naukowych, wykonanych w okresie ostatniej dekady, nad wpływem naturalnych antyoksydantów zawartych w tłuszczu pasz objętościowych na potencjał oksydacyjny mleka i zawartość w nim składników funkcjonalnych. Z badań tych wynika, że istnieje możliwość produkcji mleka o zwiększonej zawartości nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych oraz substancji o charakterze antyoksydacyjnym (witamin A, E i β-karotenu) pod warunkiem żywienia krów paszami o dużej zawartości karotenoidów i tokoferoli. Wymienione antyoksydanty chronią zawarte w mleku nienasycone kwasy tłuszczowe przed niekorzystnymi procesami utleniania, zachowując jednocześnie ich wysoką aktywność biologiczną oraz odpowiedni smak i zapach mleka. Zawartość karotenoidów i tokoferoli w paszach objętościowych oraz wysokość wskaźnika ich transferu do mleka w decydującym stopniu zależą od: gatunku i odmiany roślin, stadium wegetacji, zabiegów agrotechnicznych, warunków atmosferycznych w okresie wegetacji oraz sposobu konserwacji (suszenie, kiszenie). Zielonki i kiszonki z porostu łąkowego, roślin motylkowatych oraz mieszanek roślin motylkowatych z trawami powinny być w maksymalnym stopniu wykorzystywane w żywieniu krów mlecznych jako cenne źródło witaminy A, E i β-karotenu, które obok nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych wpływają korzystnie na jakość produkowanego mleka i zdrowie konsumentów.Antioxidants contained in bulky forages, i.e. Tocopherols and carotenoids, play a significant role in meeting the demand for carotene, and vitamins a and e in dairy cows. This paper is a review of the results of some scientific research carried out during the last decade in order to study the impact of natural antioxidants in fat contained in bulky forages on the oxidative status of milk as well as on the content of functional components in milk. Based on the research results analyzed, it is possible to manufacture milk with an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidative substances (vitamins a, e, and β-carotene), provided, however, that the cows are fed forages with a high content of carotenoids and tocopherols. The antioxidants as named above protect the unsaturated fatty acids contained in the milk fat from adverse oxidation processes, and, at the same, they retain their high biological activity and a proper taste and odour of milk. The content of carotenoids and tocopherols in bulk forages, as well as the rate of their transfer into milk depend crucially on the following: species and variety of plants, stage of vegetation, agrotechnical measures applied, weather conditions during the vegetation period, and forage conservation methods (such as drying or silage). Green fodders and silages from vegetative meadow covers, papilionaceous plants, and mixtures of grasses and papilionaceous plants should be maximally utilized in feeding dairy cows as a valuable source of vitamins a, e, and β-carotene, since they, together with the unsaturated fatty acids, beneficially impact the quality of milk and consumers' health

Parametry jakości plemników samców myszy z czterech outbredowych linii selekcyjnych

Breeding of (outbred) selective lines of laboratory mouse was initiated in Warsaw University of Life Sciences about 40 years ago. It bred Heavy (C) and Light (L) mice selected opposite for body weight at weaning (21st day of life), S mice line selected for higher testes weight, and control (K) mice without selection. All lines have identical genetic background, but different directions of selections caused diversification of specific phe-notypic traits between them. The purpose of this study was to compare semen quantity and quality parameters in outbred C, K, L and S male mice in the context of measurements of average body and testes weight for each line. Research materials were seminal fluids squeezed out of the vas deferens from 20 outbred C, K, L and S male mice (5 males per group). Animals had been euthanized, and necropsy was performed. Body and testes weight was measured. Also sperm concentration, viability (by Eosin test), cytoplasmic membrane integrity degree (HOS test), sperm head morphology and maturity were estimated. It was shown that S male mice, which have much higher testes weight, also have a significant increase of viable spermatozoa according to control line. Moreover, sperm concentration from S males is at least two times higher than in other selective lines.Parametry jakości plemników samców myszy z czterech outbredowych linii selekcyjnych. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było dokonanie oceny jakości parametrów plemników nasieniowodowych, pobranych od 20 samców (po 5 samców z linii) myszy z linii selekcjonowanych przez wiele pokoleń: przeciwstawnie na masę ciała (C i L), masę jąder (S) oraz samców stanowiących linię kontrolną (K), w kontekście pomiarów średnich mas ciała i jąder dla poszczególnych linii. Materiał badawczy stanowiły plemniki pobrane z nasieniowodów od zwierząt poselekcyjnych. Oszacowano liczbę plemników w 1 ml pożywki (M2). Dokonano analizy parametrów jakości plemników, wykonując test oceny żywotności plemników, test położenia kropli cytoplazmatycznej, który jest miarą dojrzałości plemników oraz test hipoosmotyczny (HOS) do oceny integralności błony cytoplazmatycznej witek plemników. Ponadto dokonano oceny morfologii główek plemników. Wykazano, że samce linii S w porównaniu z osobnikami z linii kontrolnej K oraz linii ciężkiej (C) i lekkiej (L) mają istotnie większą masę jąder, większy odsetek dojrzałych i żywotnych plemników, a także 2-4-krotnie większą koncentrację plemników liczoną w 1 ml medium

Kwitnienie, cechy pyłku oraz owady wizytujące kwiaty chronionego gatunku Campanula bononiensis (Campanulaceae)

This study investigated the floral biology and pollen quantity and quality of Campanula bononiensis L. (Campanulaceae), a protected species in Poland. Observations and measurements were made during the years 2007–2009 in natural phytocoenoses from the Festuco-Brometea class situated within the Lublin area, SE Poland. A considerable decrease (approx. 87%) in population density was observed. Significant variations both in the amount of pollen (18.5%–34.8 % of pollen in the total anther dry weight, i.e. 0.5–1.5 mg per 10 anthers) and in pollen viability (38.8–97.0%) were noted. Both a low amount of pollen and low pollen viability may reduce the reproductive success of individuals. The most frequent visiting insects were bees (Apoidea), including solitary bees 45.7%, honeybees 20.4%, and bumblebees 11.4%. Dipterans, coleopterans (weevils), lepidopterans and ants were also recorded, implying a strong impact of C. bononiensis on insect biodiversity within grasslands.W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczą- ce aspektów kwitnienia, cech ilościowych i jakościowych pyłku Campanula bononiensis L. (Campanulaceae), gatunku objętego w Polsce ustawową ochrony. Obserwacje prowadzono latach 2007–2009, w naturalnej fitocenozie z klasy Festuco-Brometea zlokalizowanej w Lublinie. Zanotowano znaczny, ok. 87% spadek zagęszczenia populacji. Poza procesami sukcesyjnymi, prowadzącymi do zarastania murawy, zanikanie populacji C. bononiensis może być związane z wewn ętrznymi czynnikami biologicznymi, np. ilością i jakością wytwarzanego pyłku. W latach badań zanotowano znaczne wahania w ilości produkowanego pyłku (18.5%–34.8 % suchej masy pylników, tj. 0.5–1.5 mg z 10 pylników) oraz istotne zróżnicowanie jego żywotno ści (38.8-97.0%). Najczęściej obserwowanymi owadami wizytuj ącymi kwiaty były owady pszczołowate (Apoidea). Pszczoły samotnice stanowiły 45.7% ogólnej liczebno ści owadów, 20.4% wyniósł udział pszczoły miodnej, a 11.4% stanowiły różne gatunki z rodzaju Bombus. Obserwowano również muchówki, chrząszcze – ryjkowce, motyle oraz mrówki, co świadczy o dużym wpływie C. bononiensis na bioróżnorodność owadów w obrębie muraw ciepłolubnych

Comparison of a second-generation trabecular bypass (iStent inject) to ab interno trabeculectomy (Trabectome) by exact matching

Purpose To achieve a highly balanced comparison of trabecular bypass stenting (IS2, iStent inject) with ab interno trabeculectomy (T, Trabectome) by exact matching. Methods Fifty-three IS2 eyes were matched to 3446 T eyes. Patients were matched using exact matching by baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of glaucoma medications, and glaucoma type, and using nearest neighbor matching by age. Individuals without a close match were excluded. All surgeries were combined with phacoemulsification. Results A total of 78 eyes (39 in each group) could be matched as exact pairs with a baseline IOP of 18.3 ± 5.1 mmHg and glaucoma medications of 2.7 ± 1.2 in each. IOP in IS2 was reduced to 14.6 ± 4.2 mmHg at 3 months and in T to a minimum of 13.1 ± 3.2 mmHg at 1 month. In IS2, IOP began to rise again at 6 months, eventually exceeding baseline. At 24 months, IOP in IS2 was 18.8 ± 9.0 mmHg and in T 14.2 ± 3.5 mmHg. IS2 had a higher average IOP than T at all postoperative visits (p < 0.05 at 1, 12, 18 months). Glaucoma medications decreased to 2.0 ± 1.5 in IS2 and to 1.5 ± 1.4 in T. Conclusion T resulted in a larger and sustained IOP reduction compared with IS2 where a rebound occurred after 6 months to slightly above preoperative values

Exact matching of trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy to conventional trabeculectomy with mitomycin C followed for 2 years

Purpose We used exact matching for a highly balanced comparison of ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT) with the trabectome to trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (TRAB). Methods A total of 5485 patients who underwent AIT were exact-matched to 196 TRAB patients by baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, and glaucoma type. Nearest-neighbor–matching was applied to age. Success was defined as a final IOP of less than 21 mmHg, IOP reduction of at least 20% reduction from baseline, and no secondary surgical interventions. Outcomes were measured at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Results A total of 165 AIT could be matched to 165 TRAB. The mean baseline IOP was 22.3 ± 5.6 mmHg, and the baseline number of glaucoma medications was 2.7 ± 1.1 in both groups. At 24 months, IOP was reduced to 15.8 ± 5.2 mmHg in AIT and 12.4 ± 4.7 mmHg in TRAB. IOP was lower than baseline at all visits (p  0.01). Secondary surgical interventions had the highest impact on success and became necessary in 15 AIT and 59 TRAB patients. Thirty-two challenging events occurred in TRAB and none in AIT. Conclusion Both AIT and TRAB reduced IOP and medications. This reduction was more significant in TRAB but at the expense of four times as many secondary interventions