Impact of technological blockchain paradigm on the movement of intellectual property in the digital space

The article is dedicated to investigate the problem of influence of cutting edge digital technology on the virtual and real legal relations, related to the movement and the turnover of intellectual property. Using the method of analyzing modern definitions of blockchain, and relying on the political-economic theory of social redistribution of wealth, authors define the term blockchain and its principles as a technological paradigm. Authors conclude the fact that blockchain can be used to guarantee intellectual property rights and it should be accepted at the national level. As a mechanism of a trusted environment, blockchain allows to reduce transaction costs and increase the level of commercialization of intellectual property.peer-reviewe

Voluntary Refusal to Commit a Crime: Significance, General and Special Signs

The article describes and examines the significance of the rule of the voluntary refusal to commit a crime, as well as explores its general and special signs. It is noted that the voluntary refusal to commit a crime is the rule contained in any modern, progressive law. In this vein, there are different theoretical approaches to the determination of its value and signs. The signs are debatable in nature, and their establishment by the law enforcer may cause difficulties. The difference between voluntary refusal to commit a crime, which is implemented in three functions, is determined, definitions of general signs of voluntary refusal are proposed, their content is clarified. Special signs of voluntary refusal are disclosed

Doubled haploid production in Brassica L.

Doubled haploids (DHs) production through androgenesis is a biotechnological method for genetic improvement of crops. Biotechnological DH line production offers advantages to plant breeders, including the possibility to obtain homozygous lines within a year in contrast to common inbreeding methods, which may take 6–12 years. The greatest success in androgenesis has been achieved in some varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). However, the efficiency of androgenesis in other Brassica species is still poor. Induction of microspore embryogenesis is usually induced by many factors such as conditions of donor plant growth, genotype, microspore developmental stage, culture medium composition, and culture conditions. The reprogramming of microspores from the gametophytic to the sporophytic habit of development depends on various stress factors. Certain pretreatments of microspores, such as high temperature and colchicine, can favor androgenesis in Brassica species. Plant regeneration from microspores can be improved by proper application of different growth regulators (ethylene, abscisic acid, and indole acetic acid). Optimal combinations of these factors are mandatory for efficient androgenesis. In this review, we summarize the experience of our colleagues in DH-technology in the Brassica genus. Attention is focused on some factors influencing the development of doubled haploid plants and their impact on enhancing the efficiency of androgenesis in Brassica species

Ion Homeostasis Response to Nutrient-Deficiency Stress in Plants

A crucial feature of plant performance is its strong dependence on the availability of essential mineral nutrients, affecting multiple vital functions. Indeed, mineral-nutrient deficiency is one of the major stress factors affecting plant growth and development. Thereby, nitrogen and potassium represent the most abundant mineral contributors, critical for plant survival. While studying plant responses to nutrient deficiency, one should keep in mind that mineral nutrients, along with their specific metabolic roles, are directly involved in maintaining cell ion homeostasis, which relies on a finely tuned equilibrium between cytosolic and vacuolar ion pools. Therefore, in this chapter we briefly summarize the role of the ion homeostasis system in cell responses to environmental deficiency of nitrate and potassium ions. Special attention is paid to the implementation of plant responses via NO3− and K+ root transport and regulation of ion distribution in cell compartments. These responses are strongly dependent on plant species, as well as severity and duration of nutrient deficiency

Limited Sanity in the Legislation of Russia and Europe

This article presents the author’s analysis of the problem of limited sanity in the criminal law theory and practice of Russia and Europe. The author established that the problem of limited sanity, despite its long history, has not yet been developed in many countries, and that the boundaries of the concept of limited sanity are extremely vague and indefinite. However, the experience of some foreign countries in terms of ensuring security measures can be used in the Russian Federatio

High-Throughput Fingerprinting of Rhizobial Free Fatty Acids by Chemical Thin-Film Deposition and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Fatty acids (FAs) represent an important class of metabolites, impacting on membrane building blocks and signaling compounds in cellular regulatory networks. In nature, prokaryotes are characterized with the most impressing FA structural diversity and the highest relative content of free fatty acids (FFAs). In this context, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (order Rhizobiales), the symbionts of legumes, are particularly interesting. Indeed, the FA profiles influence the structure of rhizobial nodulation factors, required for successful infection of plant root. Although FA patterns can be assessed by gas chromatography—(GC-) and liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (LC-MS), sample preparation for these methods is time-consuming and quantification suffers from compromised sensitivity, low stability of derivatives and artifacts. In contrast, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) represents an excellent platform for high-efficient metabolite fingerprinting, also applicable to FFAs. Therefore, here we propose a simple and straightforward protocol for high-throughput relative quantification of FFAs in rhizobia by combination of Langmuir technology and MALDI-TOF-MS featuring a high sensitivity, accuracy and precision of quantification. We describe a step-by-step procedure comprising rhizobia culturing, pre-cleaning, extraction, sample preparation, mass spectrometric analysis, data processing and post-processing. As a case study, a comparison of the FFA metabolomes of two rhizobia species—Rhizobium leguminosarum and Sinorhizobium meliloti, demonstrates the analytical potential of the protocol

Synthesis of advanced glycation end products and their effect on metabolizm of Rhizobium leguminosarum

Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РФФИ 18-016-00190

Voluntary refusal to commit a crime: significance, general and special signs

The article describes and examines the significance of the rule of the voluntary refusal to commit a crime, as well as explores its general and special signs. It is noted that the voluntary refusal to commit a crime is the rule contained in any modern, progressive law. In this vein, there are different theoretical approaches to the determination of its value and signs. The signs are debatable in nature, and their establishment by the law enforcer may cause difficulties. The difference between voluntary refusal to commit a crime, which is implemented in three functions, is determined, definitions of general signs of voluntary refusal are proposed, their content is clarified. Special signs of voluntary refusal are disclose

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОПЫЛЕНИЯ КАПУСТЫ БЕЛОКОЧАННОЙ В СЛУЧАЕ НИЗКОЙ ЖИЗНЕСПОСОБНОСТИ ПЫЛЬЦЫ

The way of improvement of the efficiency of white head cabbage pollination in case of low pollen viability is presented. The optimal culture medium with Tris maintaining pH 8$9 for germination of cabbage pollen was determined.  Pollination of style by the suspension of pollen in the optimal culture medium was suggested. This method allows obtaining of seeds of doubled haploid plants with partially sterile pollen.В статье отражены результаты исследований по разработке способа повышения эффективности опыления капусты белокочанной в случае низкой жизнеспособности пыльцы. Подобрана оптимальная питательная среда для проращивания пыльцы капусты белокочанной, содержащая Трис, поддерживающий значение рН 8,9, и предложено наносить пыльцу на рыльце пестика в виде суспензии в этой среде. Использование такого приема позволило получить семена у удвоенных гаплоидных растений с частично стерильной пыльцой

Влияние сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний на течение рассеянного склероза (обзор литературы)

Comorbidity is one of the factors determining the course of multiple sclerosis. Cardiovascular pathology is one of the most common in the population as a whole, especially in age groups over 50. Several studies showed that arterial hypotension and dyslipidemia affected the course, progression rate, and neuroimaging characteristics of patients with multiple sclerosis. An important issue is the effect of disease modifying therapy on the course of concomitant diseases in patients with multiple sclerosis and the effect of concomitant diseases on the effectiveness and safety of disease modifying therapy. The question of the use of statins in multiple sclerosis remains controversial. This review presents data on vascular comorbidity in multiple sclerosis, including the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular pathology and concomitant vascular diseases in the population of patients with multiple sclerosis. Data on the effect of cardiovascular pathology on the course and treatment of multiple sclerosis were also analyzed.Коморбидность является одним из факторов, определяющих течение рассеянного склероза. Кардиоваскулярная патология является одной из самых распространенных в популяции в целом, особенно в возрастных группах старше 50 лет. В нескольких исследованиях показано, что артериальная гипертензия и дислипидемия оказывают влияние на течение, скорость прогрессирования и нейровизуализационные характеристики пациентов с рассеянным склерозом. Важным вопросом является влияние препаратов, изменяющих течение рассеянного склероза, на течение сопутствующих заболеваний у пациентов с рассеянным склерозом и влияние сопутствующих заболеваний на эффективность и безопасность препаратов, изменяющих течение рассеянного склероза. Противоречивым остается вопрос о применении статинов при рассеянном склерозе. В настоящем обзоре приведены данные о сосудистой коморбидности при рассеянном склерозе, включающие в себя распространенность факторов риска сердечно-сосудистой патологии и сопутствующих сосудистых заболеваний в популяции пациентов с рассеянным склерозом. Также проанализированы данные о влиянии сердечно-сосудистой патологии на течение и терапию рассеянного склероза