Формирование модели системы воспитания в школе на основе интеграции общего и дополнительного образования (из опыта работы)

Trabajo presentado en la European Hydrogen Energy Conference - EHEC, celebrada en Sevilla (España) del 12 al 14 de mayo de 2014.There is a growing interest in the development of power sources that use renewable fuels and reduce emission of pollutants. This interest is justified by the heightening concern about environmental degradation, energy security as well as the possible exhaustion of the fossil fuel resources. One example is the use of biogas (mainly composed by CH4 and CO2) which is generated from anaerobic digestion of sewage or wastewater [1]. In order to produce hydrogen from this renewable gas, it is necessary a reforming step. There are two alternatives: 1) carbon dioxide reforming (DR: CH4 + CO2 2H2 + 2CO) and 2) steam reforming (SR: CH4 + H2O 3H2 + CO). The first reaction has two drawbacks: the deactivation of the catalyst due to carbon deposition [2] and the participation of reverse water-gas-shift (RWGS: H2 + CO2 H2O + CO) which decreases the amount of the produced hydrogen. On the other hand, steam reforming is the most extended way to produce hydrogen from CH4, but it is necessary to eliminate the CO2 from the feed. Since previous studies [3] had reported good results when La-promoted catalysts, obtained from hydrotalcite-like precursor calcination, were used in dry reforming of methane, this catalyst will be used for these tests. The aim of this work is to study the influence of H2O addition over dry reforming and the addition of CO2 over steam reforming using a La-promoted catalyst obtained from hydrotalcite-like precursor.Financial support from Comunidad de Madrid (DIVERCELCM, S2009/ENE-1475) is gratefully acknowledged.Peer Reviewe

Photoactive nano-confined Pt in titania nanotubes (Pt-TiNT) via microwave-assisted flow synthesis

Pt-TiNT with PtO nanoparticles dispersed within the lumen and interlayer spaces of titania nanotubes (TiNT) were prepared by a new process involving titanate nanosheets (TiNS) synthesis in an optimized microwave-assisted flow reactor, followed by ion-exchange with a Pt precursor, before triggering the titanate layer rolling to trap the Pt precursor clusters inside the titania nanotubes, followed by a thermal treatment. TEM, XRD, and Raman analyses confirm the total conversion of TiO2 into TiNS in 15 min at 120 °C and 4 bar, and the TiNS transformation into 181 nm-long TiNT with 10 and 6 nm outer and inner diameter, respectively. The 2% Pt-TiNT comprises 0.7 nm PtO clusters (according to XPS), causing slight distortions of the interlayer spaces, while a few larger 2–3 nm Pt clusters reside within the lumen. As a result, Pt-TiNT is 14-fold more active than TiNT for visible light (400–780 nm) photocatalytic oxidation of diclofenac under 2136 μW·cm−2 irradiation, and>1000-fold better than the uncatalyzed photoconversion reaction under 100 mW·cm−2 artificial solar lighting. In addition, nano-confinement of PtO clusters narrowed the bandgap of the TiNT, which, combined with its excellent absorptivity to harvest light, allowed a broader spectral range of photon energies to activate the photocatalyst.11 página

Photoactive nano-confined Pt in titania nanotubes (Pt-TiNT) via microwave-assisted flow synthesis

Pt-TiNT with PtO nanoparticles dispersed within the lumen and interlayer spaces of titania nanotubes (TiNT) were prepared by a new process involving titanate nanosheets (TiNS) synthesis in an optimized microwave-assisted flow reactor, followed by ion-exchange with a Pt precursor, before triggering the titanate layer rolling to trap the Pt precursor clusters inside the titania nanotubes, followed by a thermal treatment. TEM, XRD, and Raman analyses confirm the total conversion of TiO2 into TiNS in 15 min at 120 °C and 4 bar, and the TiNS transformation into 181 nm-long TiNT with 10 and 6 nm outer and inner diameter, respectively. The 2% Pt-TiNT comprises 0.7 nm PtO clusters (according to XPS), causing slight distortions of the interlayer spaces, while a few larger 2–3 nm Pt clusters reside within the lumen. As a result, Pt-TiNT is 14-fold more active than TiNT for visible light (400–780 nm) photocatalytic oxidation of diclofenac under 2136 μW·cm−2 irradiation, and>1000-fold better than the uncatalyzed photoconversion reaction under 100 mW·cm−2 artificial solar lighting. In addition, nano-confinement of PtO clusters narrowed the bandgap of the TiNT, which, combined with its excellent absorptivity to harvest light, allowed a broader spectral range of photon energies to activate the photocatalyst. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.This work is supported by the Horizon 2020 BIORIMA project and the Hong Kong Research Grant Council E-HKUST601/17 and in part by the Project of Hetao Shenzhen-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone (HZQB-KCZYB-2020083). Dr. Y.J. Luo stay at the Instituto de Cat´alisis y Petroleoquímica is supported by the HKUST Overseas Research Award. Finally, the authors acknowledge the support of the Central Facilities of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology including the Material Characterization and Preparation Facility (MCPF) and the Environmental Central Facility (ENVF).Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.143254Peer reviewe

Producción de hidrógenon a partir de reformado combinado de biogás

Trabajo presentado en el Congreso Iberoamericano de Hidrógeno y Pilas de Combustible, celebrado en Barcelona (España) del 15 al 17 de octubre de 2014.[EN] The aim of this work was to study the influence of H20/CH4 ratio over the activity and stability of a La-promoted hydrotalcite-derived catalyst in biogas reforming, as a pathway to transform biogas into hydrogen. Biogas composition was CH4/C02 de 2.33. Catalytic tests were performed at 700 ºC and a W/F ratio of 0.25 mg ·min·cm-3. Four tests were performed in which H20/CH4 ratio were changed from O to 1.6. Water addition led to an increase of activity (measured as the increase of methane conversion). None of the catalysts showed any sign of deactivation. H2/CO ratio increased significantly when water was added. lt may be due to the fact that H20 also contribute to H2 formation . Used catalysts where characterized by TPO-MS and TEM microscopy. When H20/CH4 ¿0,8 no carbon deposits were detected, what suggested that ali the formed carbon was gasified. Ni particle size was 3-4 nm in ali cases which could explain the good stability of the catalysts under these sever conditions.[ES] En este trabajo se ha estudiado la influencia de la relación H20/CH4 sobre la actividad y estabilidad de un catalizador promovido por lantano y derivado del precursor hidrotalcita (La-NiMgAlO ) en la reacción de reformado de biogás, como vía para obtener hidrógeno de una fuente renovable. El biogás testado tiene una composición CH4/C02 de 2,33. Los ensayos se realizaron a 700 ºC y una relación W/F = 0,25 mg ·min·cm-3 y se mantuvieron durante 5h. Se realizaron 4 ensayos en los que se varió la relación H20/CH4 desde O a 1,6. La adición de agua provocó un aumento de la actividad (medida como el aumento en la conversión de metano) y una menor formación de carbono. En ninguno de los experimentos se detectó desactivación . La relación H2/CO aumentó de forma notable al adicionar H20 debido a que en ese caso la fuente de H2 no sería únicamente el CH4 si no también el H20 . Los catalizadores usados se caracterizaron mediante TPO-MS y microscopía TEM. Cuando la relación H20/CH4 ¿0,8 no se detectaron depósitos carbonosos, lo que indica que todo el carbono formado por la descomposición del metano es gasificado . El tamaño de partícula de Ni fue en todos los casos de 3-4 nm lo que podría explicar la buena estabilidad observada.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por la Comunidad de Madrid (Programa DIVERCEL-CM, S2009/ENE-1475).Peer Reviewe

Engineering operando methodology: Understanding catalysis in time and space

The term operando was coined at the beginning of this century to gather the growing efforts devoted to establish structure-activity relationships by simultaneously characterizing a catalyst performance and the relevant surface chemistry during genuine catalytic operation. This approach is now widespread and consolidated; it has become an increasingly complex but efficient junction where spectroscopy, materials science, catalysis and engineering meet. While for some characterization techniques kinetically relevant reactor cells with good resolution are recently developing, the knowledge gained with magnetic resonance and X-ray and vibrational spectroscopy studies is already huge and the scope of operando methodology with these techniques is recently expanding from studies with small amounts of powdered solids to more industrially relevant catalytic systems. Engineering catalysis implies larger physical domains, and thus all sort of gradients. Space- and time-resolved multi-technique characterization of both the solid and fluid phases involved in heterogeneous catalytic reactions (including temperature data) is key to map processes from different perspectives, which allows taking into account existing heterogeneities at different scales and facing up- and down-scaling for applications ranging from microstructured reactors to industrial-like macroreactors (operating with shaped catalytic bodies and/or in integral regime). This work reviews how operando methodology is evolving toward engineered reaction systems.This work was supported by Spanish Ministry grants CTQ2014-57578-R ‘LT-NOx’ and CTM2017-82335-R ‘RIEN2O’; and Comunidad de Madrid programme 2013/MAE2985 ‘ALCCONES.

Bimetallic MnO2-supported catalysts for selective reduction of NO with NH3. Operando IR studies

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155550[EN] Bimetallic shaped catalysts were prepared by wet equilibrium impregnation. MnO2 was the main component and a second metal oxide (Co, Fe and Ce oxides) was added. The highest catalytic activity in the selective reduction of NOx with NH3 of the Ce-promoted catalyst (88 % of NO was converted at 170 °C) may be related to its capacity to adsorb NOx even in presence of water. It is demonstrated that NO adsorbs and oxidizes on CeOx and MnOx and then reacts with NH3 via a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. However, in presence of water, the surface of Fe-promoted catalyst during NH3-SCR was only covered by NH3 adsorbed species and NOx conversion was lower (65 % of NO was converted at 170 °C). NOx adsorbed species were not observed, which suggests that the reaction of ammonia with gaseous NOx was much faster than that of nitrites/nitrates formation. Elay-Riedel seems to be the predominant mechanism over this catalystFinancial support from the Spanish Government (RIEN2O,CTM2017-82335-R), and “Comunidad de Madrid” and European Structural Funds (ACES2030, S2018/EMT-4319) is gratefully acknowledged

NO adsorption and influence of the control of temperature over catalytic test results for NO oxidation

[EN] A preliminary partial oxidation of NO to NO2is helpful for low-temperature SCR. Oxidation of NO was evaluatedover a Pt-based catalyst. Prior to the study, which was focused on the influence of the control of temperatureover the catalytic results, PID process parameters of the catalytic reaction system were optimized showing thatthe unit control refinement is crucial for a good performance of the catalytic tests. This is particularly importantwhen a significant population of adsorbed species build on the surface of the catalyst, which is the present case;adsorption phenomena may lead to deceiving apparent conversion values. Temperature programmed desorptiontests showed that O2is essential for the NO adsorption. Three modes of heating/cooling were checked. Whenramp mode was used for controlling the temperature, adsorption/desorption phenomena led to deceptive resultsof catalytic conversion. However, when stepped mode was evaluated stationary state was reached, and then NOdisappearance was only due to NO conversion to NO2.Financial support from Spanish Government (LTNOx, CTQ2014-57578-R), and Comunidad de Madrid (AlcCones, S2013/MAE-2985) is gratefully acknowledged

Performance of an aliovalent-substituted CoCeOx catalyst from bimetallic MOF for VOC oxidation in air

The aliovalent-substitution of cobalt into ceria lattice was demonstrated using a bimetallic CoCeBDC MOF to achieve a high degree of atomic level mixing in the CoCeO catalyst. Spectroscopic analyses including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) confirmed the successful insertion of cobalt atom with a concomitant increase in defects (i.e., Raman I/I = 0.25) and oxygen vacancies (i.e., XPS O/(O+O) = 0.33) that correlates well with catalytic activity for the oxidations of methanol, acetone, toluene, and o-xylene. The as-prepared CoCeO performed a 50% conversion (T) and 90% conversion (T) in toluene oxidation at 212 °C and 227 °C that are significantly lower than the reference CoO/CeO nanocube catalyst that had T of 261 °C and T of 308 °C, indicating its better catalytic activity. Moreover, CoCeO catalyst completely oxidizes organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water, while reaction over CoO/CeO nanocube catalyst produces significant carbon monoxide.The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China / Research Grants Council Joint Research Scheme [N_HKUST626/13] and Research Grants Council - General Research Fund [16307014], Innovation and Technology Fund [ITS/300/18], the Spanish Ministry [CTM2017-82335-R], and Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Key Program [201704030074]. We also acknowledge the staff from MCPF, AEMF, CBE from HKUST and CSIC-ICP