JD-R model in entrepreneurship : the impacts of job demands and resources on well-being and performance

Le modèle des demandes et ressources (JD-R) est largement utilisé pour comprendre comment promouvoir le bien-être et la performance des employés pour un large éventail de professions. Malgré de nombreuses études basées sur le JD-R, nous en savons relativement peu sur les entrepreneurs. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'impact de certaines caractéristiques du travail (c.-à-d., demandes et ressources au travail) sur la santé psychologique (c.-à-d., épuisement professionnel et engagement au travail) et la performance des entrepreneurs. Au total, une étude pilote, une étude longitudinale réalisée pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 et une étude comparative entre entrepreneurs et employés démontrent que les demandes au travail élevées (c.-à-d., surcharge, ambiguïté et conflit de rôle) épuisent les employés mentalement et physiquement, entraînant ainsi un épuisement énergétique et des problèmes de santé (c.-à-d., l'épuisement professionnel). En revanche, les ressources au travail (c.-à-d., l'autonomie, l'adaptabilité et la proactivité) se sont avérées favoriser l'engagement et la performance. Alternativement, les résultats suggèrent que les demandes et ressources au travail réduisent respectivement l'engagement et l'épuisement professionnel. Cependant, aucune interaction entre les demandes et ressources au travail n'a été trouvée. Une comparaison entre entrepreneurs et employés a également révélé que la relation entre les ressources au travail et l'engagement est moins importante pour les entrepreneurs que pour les employés. Ce projet de recherche démontre l'applicabilité et la transférabilité du modèle JD-R aux entrepreneurs et permet de mettre en évidence les différences entre cette population et les employés.The Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R) is widely used to understand how to promote employee well-being and performance across a broad range of occupations. Despite many findings based on the JD-R, we know comparatively few about entrepreneurs. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of certain work characteristics (i.e., job demands and resources) on entrepreneurs’ well-being (i.e., burnout and work engagement) and performance. Altogether, a pilot study, a longitudinal study made during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a comparative study between entrepreneurs and employees showed that high job demands (i.e. role overload, role ambiguity, and role conflict) exhaust entrepreneurs mentally and physically, therefore leading to energy depletion and health problems (i.e. burnout). In contrast, job resources (i.e. autonomy, adaptivity, and proactivity) were found to foster engagement and performance. Alternatively, results suggest that job demands and resources respectively reduce engagement and burnout. However, no interactions between job demands and resources were found. A comparison between entrepreneurs and employees also revealed that the relation between job resources and engagement is more important for employees than for entrepreneurs. This research project demonstrates the applicability and transferability of the JD- R model to entrepreneurs and helps highlight differences between this population and employees

Alien Registration- Proulx, Jean A. (Auburn, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/30272/thumbnail.jp

Time-trends and treatment gaps in the antithrombotic management of patients with atrial fibrillation after percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the CHUM AF-STENT Registry.

BACKGROUND: The management of atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has undergone a rapid recent evolution. In 2016, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) published expert recommendations to help guide clinicians in balancing bleeding and thrombotic risks in these patients. HYPOTHESIS: Antithrombotic regimen prescriptions for AF patients undergoing PCI evolved after the publication of the 2016 CCS AF guidelines. METHODS: A prospective cohort of AF patients undergoing PCI with placement of a coronary stent from a single tertiary academic center was analyzed for the recommended antithrombotic regimen at discharge. Prescribing behavior was compared between three time periods (Cohort A [2010-2011]; Cohort B [2014-2015]; Cohort C [2017]) using the χ2 test. In addition, antithrombotic management in Cohorts B and C were compared to guideline-recommended therapy. RESULTS: A total of 459 patients with AF undergoing PCI were identified. Clinical and procedural characteristics were similar between cohorts, with the exception of an increase in drug-eluting stent (DES) use over time (P < .01). Overall, the rate of oral anticoagulation (OAC) increased over time (P < .01), associated with an increase in nonvitamin K OAC prescription (P < .01) and a concomitant decrease in vitamin K antagonist prescription (P < .01). Despite this, the overall rate of anticoagulation remains below what would be predicted with perfect guideline compliance (75% vs 94%, P < .01). CONCLUSION: There has been a dramatic shift in clinical practice for AF patients requiring PCI, with increases in prescription of OAC even in the context of an increase in the use of DES. However, room for further practice optimization still exists

Confirmation bias and misconceptions: Pupillometric evidence for a confirmation bias in misconceptions feedback

It has long been supposed that the confirmation bias plays a role in the prevalence and maintenance of misconceptions. However, this has been supported more by argument than by empirical evidence. In the present paper, we show how different types of belief-feedback evoke physiological responses consistent with the presence of a confirmation bias. Participants were presented with misconceptions and indicated whether they believed each misconception to be true or false, as well as how committed they were to the misconception. Each response was followed by feedback that was either clear (i.e., “correct” or “incorrect”) or ambiguous (i.e., “partly correct” or “partly incorrect”). Pupillary response to each feedback condition was assessed. The results show an interaction between feedback accuracy and feedback clarity on pupil size. The largest pupil size was found in response to clear disconfirmatory feedback. The smallest pupil size was found in response to both clear and ambiguous confirmatory feedback. Crucially, the pupil responded to ambiguous confirmatory feedback as though it were wholly confirmatory. Moreover, pupil size in response to ambiguous disconfirmatory feedback was significantly smaller than response to clear disconfirmatory feedback, showing an overall trend towards confirmatory processing in the absence of clear disconfirmation. Additionally, we show a moderation by commitment towards the misconception. The greater the commitment, the larger the effect of belief-violating feedback on pupil size. These findings support recent theorizing in the field of misconceptions and, more generally, the field of inconsistency-compensation

Sociocultural Pressures, Internalization, and Body Esteem in Congenitally Blind, Late-Blind, and Sighted Men and Women

Introduction: Visual experience has a substantial effect on how individuals construct a template of their own bodies in space. Whether the absence of total or partial visual exposure in individuals of both genders allows the buffering of harmful effects has yet to be tested. This study examined the role of vision among congenitally blind and later blind subjects for the expression of body esteem and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. Methods: Participants comprised 101 subjects, 53 sighted and 48 visually impaired men and women. For the purpose of the study, we took into consideration congenitally blind, late blind, and typically sighted individuals. The Sociocultural Attitudes toward Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) and the Body-Esteem Scale Questionnaire (BESQ) were used as measures. Results: Although congenitally blind, late blind, and typically sighted individuals showed similar awareness of media content and beauty ideals, typically sighted women displayed higher pressure to conform and had higher levels of social comparison. Congenitally blind women placed less emphasis on mass media as an influential aspect of their body perception and showed reduced internalization of beauty ideals and higher levels of body esteem. Moreover, men with visual impairments considered siblings and family to be the most influential information sources for their own body perception, while showing reduced levels of athlete internalization. Discussion: In this research, it was identified that the absence of sight influences an individual's body image beyond its physical, metric representation. Susceptibility to detrimental messages linked to sociocultural standards of attractiveness is interiorized by individuals with and without visual impairments, regardless of their gender. Implications for Practitioners: Further studies on body esteem and sociocultural pressures could enable practitioners to better understand how to support individuals with visual impairments in coping with an unhealthy social environment and with feelings of unhappiness related to their appearance