Driven and Non-Driven Surface Chaos in Spin-Glass Sponges

A spin-glass system with a smooth or fractal outer surface is studied by renormalization-group theory, in bulk spatial dimension d=3. Independently varying the surface and bulk random-interaction strengths, phase diagrams are calculated. The smooth surface does not have spin-glass ordering in the absence of bulk spin-glass ordering and always has spin-glass ordering when the bulk is spin-glass ordered. With fractal (d>2) surfaces, a sponge is obtained and has surface spin-glass ordering also in the absence of bulk spin-glass ordering. The phase diagram has the only-surface-spin-glass ordered phase, the bulk and surface spin-glass ordered phase, and the disordered phase, and a special multicritical point where these three phases meet. All spin-glass phases have distinct chaotic renormalization-group trajectories, with distinct Lyapunov and runaway exponents which we have calculated.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Continuous wavelet transform methods for the simultaneous determinations and dissolution profiles of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets

ABSTRACT Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was proposed for the simultaneous determination and dissolution profiles of valsartan (VAL) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in tablets, without the use of a chemical separation procedure. The CWT approach was applied to the original UV spectra and their ratio spectra in the optimal wavelength ranges. After testing several wavelet families, Mexican hat function-CWT and Daubechies7-CWT (mexh-CWT and db7-CWT, respectively) were found to be suitable for the transformation of the original UV spectra. In the following procedure, mexh-CWT and Coiflets3-CWT (coif3-CWT) were found to be appropriate for the signal analysis of ratio spectra (RS) of VAL/HCT and HCT/VAL. Calibration graphs for VAL and HCT were obtained by measuring db7-CWT and mexh-CWT amplitudes in the transformation of the original absorption spectra and RS-coif-CWT and RS-mexh-CWT amplitudes in the transformation of the ratio spectra. The validity and applicability of the proposed CWT methods were evaluated through the analysis of an independent set of synthetic binary mixtures consisting of VAL and HCT. The proposed signal processing methods were then successfully applied to the simultaneous quantitative evaluation and simultaneous dissolution profiles of the related drugs in commercial tablets, with good agreement reported for the experimental results

Books in Arabic Script

The chapter approaches the book in Arabic script as the indispensable means for the transmission of knowledge across Eurasia and Africa, within cultures and across cultural boundaries, since the seventh century ad. The state of research can be divided into manuscript and print studies, but there is not yet a history of the book in Arabic script that captures its plurilinear development for over fourteen hundred years. The chapter explores the conceptual and practical challenges that impede the integration of the book in Arabic script into book history at large and includes an extensive reference list that reflects its diversity. The final published version was slightly updated, and includes seven illustrations of six Qurans from the holdings of Columbia University Libraries, four manuscripts and two printed versions. Moreover, the illustrations are images of historical artifacts which are in the public domain - despite Wiley's copyright claim

An Expert System Proposal For The Evaluation Of Pedestrian Circulation At Underground Stations

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1997Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1997Büyük kentlerdeki ulaşım sorununa çözüm olması beklenen metro sistemlerinden istenilen performansların elde edilebilmesi, istasyonların fonksiyonel olarak doğru ve verimli bir şekilde işleyebilmesi için istasyonlardaki yaya örüntülerinin analizi yapılarak kullanıcıya ve işletmeye uygun tasarımların yapılması gerekmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, mevcut metro istasyonlarının sirkülasyon sistemi değerlendirecek bir uzman sistem geliştirilerek yeni yapılacak projeler için tasarıma veri oluşturabilecek bilgilerin derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tezin ilk bölümü, metro istasyonlarında sirkülasyon sisteminin değerlendirilmesinin nedenleri, bu bağlamda değerlendirme amaçlı uzman sistemler ve tez kapsamında oluşturulan bilgisayar modelinin kısaca tanıtıldığı giriş bölümüdür. İkinci bölümde, yaya hareketlerinin genel özellikleri incelenerek, binalardaki yatay ve düşey sirkülasyon elemanlarına göre farklılaşan yaya hareketleri özellikleri analiz edilmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümünde, kentsel raylı sistem türleri anlatılmış ve kapalı metro istasyonlarını oluşturan mekanların analizleri ve bu mekanlarda oluşan yaya sirkülasyonun özellikleri irdelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde tez kapsamında oluşturulan bilgisayar modeline temel olan değerlendirme amaçlı uzman sistemler, özellikleri, çeşitli uzman sistem yaklaşımları ve sistem adımları incelenerek literatürdeki örnekler ile tanıtılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde ise, genel olarak İstanbul'da uygulanan kentsel raylı sistem türlerinden bahsedilerek yapılan alan çalışması ile ilgili analiz ve tespitler hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde, tez kapsamında geliştirilen metro istasyonlarının sirkülasyon sisteminin değerlendirmesi amaçlı uzman sistem önerisinin özellikleri, sınırları ve kullanım alanları belirtilmiştir. -Modelin bilgi tabanı, kural tabanı ve çıkarsama mekanizmasının özellikleri anlatılarak; tanımlama, tahmin ve değerlendirme aşamalarında modelden elde edilen sonuçlar ortaya konmuştur. Alan çalışmasında elde edilen verilerin geliştirilen modele uygulanarak, modelin sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Tezin yedinci bölümü, yapılan çalışma ile ilgili yorumlar, ulaşılan noktalar, sağlayacağı katkılar ve gelecek çalışmalarda modelin nasıl geliştirilebileceğinin sunulduğu sonuç bölümüdür.As one of the mass transportation systems railways have greater transport capacity in respect to other transportation types. Underground stations being a type of urban railway system provide a fast, safe and comfortable transportation and is expected to decrease the transportation problem. Designs appropriate for the users and administrations should be made based on the analysis of pedestrian patterns at the stations, in order for the station to be effective and functional. The scope of this study is to collect the data necessary for the new projects based on the evaluation of the circulation system in the existing underground stations. In the first chapter of the thesis, expert systems for evacuation and the computer model developed is explained in the context of the reasons for evaluation of the circulation systems of the underground stations. In Turkey, in order to solve the transportation problem, underground system has lately been put to practice and the data appropriate for the Turkey conditions has not been yet formed. In the context of this thesis, an evaluation model has been developed which would determine the bottlenecks and predict the evacuation time in the building, based on the analysis of pedestrian circulation at the underground station. Expert systems used for evaluation judge the design alternatives before construction according to performance criteria. In the second chapter the general characteristics of the pedestrian movements have been examined and pedestrian movement characteristics differentiated according to the horizontal-vertical circulation components have been analyzed. Pedestrian movements can be analyzed into two groups: static pedestrian movements and dynamic pedestrian movements. Static pedestrian groups include reservoirs and waiting groups, while dynamic movements can be analyzed as movements at horizontal and vertical circulation elements and at doors. The vertical circulation elements are stairs, ramps and elevators. The pedestrian flow characteristics can be analyzed into, walking speed, flow density and flow rates. The railway system, types the spaces of the underground stations and the pedestrian circulation characteristics at the spaces are explained in the chapter three. The subway stations are classified into two groups according to the ground level: underground stations and upper-ground stations. Upper-ground stations can be of same level or raised level stations while underground stations can be grouped into two types according to the number of platforms as single level and multi level. The underground stations are basically composed of the following elements:. Entrance space of the station, XIII . Concourse,. Vertical and horizontal circulation elements,. Platform. Entrance spaces are spaces where the travel activity begins and ends. Concourses, are the free regions where the passages to the area which is not free of charge are controlled. Since this region is also used for egress it should have sufficient area. Turnstile array are organized between the entrance and vertical circulation. Ticket windows should be out of circulation network and on the right side, in order to prevent the intersection of passengers arriving and departing passengers. Platforms are spaces where passenger use while boarding getting off the railway cars. Platforms can be single level and multi level. Single level platform stations can be of two types: single platform and double platform stations. Double platform stations, are composed of side, middle, and one middle-two side, platform station. Passenger passageways are elements which begin at the end of vertical circulation and ends at ticket holes or platforms. Passenger circulation properties vary according to the circulation elements used. In underground stations, horizontal circulation types are; platforms, passageways, vertical circulation types are; stairways, ramps and elevators. The preferred pedestrian density at the platforms is 1.5 person/m2. The area of the platform is calculated based on the assumption that 0.37 m2 per person should be satisfied. In two-way flow, the walking speed is accepted as. 1.5 m/s. at densities of 0.3 person/m2. As the density increases the flow density may change between 0.9-0.6 m/s. Another factor which affects the speed of flow is the intersection of the passengers waiting at the platform with the flow. The passageways should have minimum 2.50-3.00 m. width and 2.20-2.50 m height. It is supposed that, through the passageways with width of 0.50 m, 50 passenger can pass as a single-way flow. Vertical circulation elements are stairways, ramps, elevators. Stairways are classified as stair and escalators. For all these circulation elements various standards have been explained according to flow speed, flow density and flow rate. The expert systems for evaluation in the design process are explained in Chapter 4. The studies in artificial intelligence and expert systems has affected greatly the studies in computer-aided design at the stages of; analysis, synthesis, evaluation and representation of the design process. The main components of expert systems are; an interface facility, explanation facility an inference mechanism, knowledge acquisition facility, a facts base and a knowledge base. Not all these components have to be found in all types of expert systems. There are 3 types of expert systems which are differentiated by the way the knowledge is represented. These are; rule-based, frame-based and prototype based expert systems. Rule-based systems are systems in which knowledge is stored in the form in simple if-then or condition-action rules. A rule-based program is divided into a general-reasoning program, called the rule interpreter, and a file of judgmental XIV rules obtained from an expert, called the rule base or knowledge base. The rule interpreter loads the rule base into an internal representation and uses the rule base to guide an interactive consultation with the user. Frame-based systems since use more conceptual knowledge than the rule-based ones, form a good way to represent objects and the topological and elemental relationships among them. Frame-based methods are programming methods which use frame hierarchies for inheritance and procedural attachment. Prototype-based expert systems have the capability to represent experience as general concepts in which semantic and syntactical relationships are explicitly defined. The prototype represents a generalized class of design elements from which design instances can be derived. A prototype-based system thus provides a framework for representing, storing and processing design experiences. There are two ways in which the design knowledge is represented in the expert- systems; object-oriented and action-oriented. The object-oriented approach is adopted in many knowledge-based systems, in an object oriented system, the objects seem to 'know" the behavior expected of them. The major advantage of the object oriented approach is that it absolves a controller from having to contain knowledge about all there is to know objects. Object-oriented systems organize information so that objects have associated with them knowledge about how they behave. Objects can 'respond to messages and they may also "transmit" messages. This is an action-oriented system. There are two reasoning strategies for the interpretation of knowledge in the knowledge base: inductive-deductive and forward-backward chaining. Computer analysis programs can be used in evaluating design alternatives and facilitating their comparison; they can also increase the efficiency of design analysis along selected criteria. Evaluative expert systems can be used to evaluate the structural, cost, visual, comfort, lightning, internal climate and circulation system performance of the architectural product. In the context of this thesis an evaluation model has been proposed for the circulation system at Istanbul Underground (LRTS) Stations. The scope is basically to improve to solutions and study the relationships between the elements of building system. Expert system which can measure the performance of the circulation system with the pedestrian movements modeled by various approaches has been developed. These approaches are, regression model, spatial interaction/entropy-maximizing models, Markov models and simulation models. The other methods except for the simulation models are mathematical models and are based on hypothesis. Simulation models are found to be more successful in the detailed examination of evacuation process. Simulation models are process models which express the dynamic relationships as a series of transactions on the variables. The computer simulation models developed as the expert system which evaluates the circulation systems, generally has three steps:. Representation phase,. Analysis phase,. Synthesis phase (Smith, 1991, s.373). XV In the first phase, the floor plans of the building under consideration and circulation network are represented as the knowledge base of the expert system. With the use of static and dynamic network representations, the circulation system is evaluated and the emptying and waiting times at queues can be measured. Static network model is the expression of the circulation network. The static network models are transformed into the dynamic network models with the addition of time factor. By using the network simulation models formed in the representation phase, the analysis of the evacuation times, congestion measurement, queuing lengths and the identification of bottlenecks are realized in the analysis phase. Necessary mathematical analysis and mean value analysis algorithms can be used in this phase. The results obtained at the analysis phase, are evaluated against the necessary performance measurements in the third phase. Improvement solutions for the evaluation of the existing buildings and optimum solutions for the evaluation of the design are presented. The field study - the analysis and observations at the Aksaray Underground stations are explained in Chapter 5. The field analysis which forms the data of the expert systems for the evaluation of the underground stations are presented in this section. The Low Railway Transport System (LRTS) in Istanbul is formed by Aksaray- Esenler-Yenibosna lines. In the context of this thesis, as one of the LRTS station in İstanbul, Aksaray has been chosen for the field study, to form the data application of the model. The criteria for choosing the Aksaray station can be listed as follows:. Being an underground station,. Existence of the all necessary circulation facilities,. Being the station with the most intensive pedestrian circulation. Aksaray Underground Station are composed of entrance space floor, vertical circulation elements and a platform floor. There are two entrance -exit spaces of Aksaray Station on Vatan Avenue. Since there is not any concourse, entrances are made directly through the turnstiles. At the entrance on the Yenikapi side, there are 8 turnstiles with magnetic cards and 7 exit turnstiles. There is also a freeway at the entrance zone for the personnel and employees. There is a zone of 7.50 m. x 16.50 m. between turnstiles and vertical circulation elements. At both entrance spaces there are two escalators and stairs, one for arriving and one for departing passengers. There is not any elevators for passengers. Aksaray Station is a double-direction station with a single level middle platform. Platform has a width of 10 m. and a length of 100 m so that a 4 railway car can park along the platform. In order to obtain the data necessary for pedestrian circulation, the pedestrian movements are detected by chronometer measurements and video recorder. First of all, the peak hours are determined and found to be between a half hour period of 8.15-8.45 for departing passengers and 18.20-18.50 for passenger arriving at the station. The entrance space on the Emniyet Side has been lately put to function and only % 10 of passengers use this space. Hence, the observations, measurements and XVI video records are made for entrance space on Yenikapi side where the intensity of passenger circulation is higher. The characteristic of pedestrian movements are subdivided as for departing and arriving passengers. The actions for departing passengers at the Aksaray Station can be listed as follows: 1. Passing through the turnstiles, 2. Walking towards the vertical circulation elements, 3. Using the vertical circulation elements, 4. Waiting at the platform, 5. Boarding on railway. 1. In order to detect the passing periods through the magnetic card turnstiles and "akbil" turnstiles, the passing periods of 30 passengers per day, giving a total of 150; were measured. It is found that the mean passing period through a magnetic card turnstiles of one passenger is 3.43 seconds, while through the "akbil" turnstile is 2.67 seconds/person. 2. The measurements for the usage of vertical circulation elements showed that; % 68 of the departing passengers use escalators and % 32 use stairs. In order to determine the descending periods of passengers through the stairs, the descending periods of daily 15 passengers giving a total of 75, are measured. It is found that the mean descending periods of departing passengers through the stairs is 17.46 seconds. The total circulation period of the passengers, from passing through the turnstile until the boarding is determined at the Aksaray Station. The actions of the passengers arriving at the station are as follows: 1. Getting off the railway, 2. Walking towards the vertical circulation elements, 3. Usage of the vertical circulation elements, 4. Walking towards the turnstile, 5. Passing through the exit turnstile. The passing periods of 30 randomly chosen passengers through the exit turnstiles were recorded daily for five days in a row. The mean passing period of a person is found to be 1.86 seconds. % 47 of the arriving passengers uses escalators where % 26 uses the stairs and % 27 uses stairs reserved for the departing passengers. It is estimated that mean ascending period for a person is 27.67 seconds. Analyses were conducted to obtain two data types; first type is the mean time period spent at different circulation elements by arriving and departing passengers; while the second, describes passenger intensity at the circulation elements for specified time intervals. The expert system model developed for the evaluation of the circulation system of the underground stations is explained in Chapter 6. Model is developed for uni- level, middle-platform type underground stations. Model determines the side of the platform where the railway will approach, by asking the user and start the passenger flow. It constitutes the physical parameters of the circulation system of the station and the behavioral parameters of the passengers. The positions of the arriving passengers at each period during the evacuation process is determined by XVII the model. The passenger capacity and the bottlenecks in the system are defined by the model also, for each period. The model developed comprises:. KOMZEM and KOMPER sub-programs which estimate the adjacency numbers of cells and forms the code matrix;. KAPZEM and KAPPER sub-programs which form the capacity matrix by estimating the maximum passenger capacity;. ILISZEM and ILISPER sub-programs which form the relation matrix by determining the relationship between the cells according to the exit;. BAGZEM and BAGPER sub-programs which estimate the passage capacity and passage periods of the adjacent cells;. AKIMZEM and AKIMPER sub-programs which form the flow matrix for each period and realize the passenger flow arriving at the station. The representation phase of the model constitutes the passive representation phase which forms the knowledge-base and active representation which forms the facts-base of the expert-system. In the passive-representation, the matrixes which represent the station plans, are formed. In active-representation, the facts-base which form the data of the predictive phase is formed by the sub-programs, KOMZEM, KOMPER, KAPZEM, KAPPER, ILISZEM, ILISPER, BAGZEM and BAGPER. At the predictive phase, the knowledge and facts-bases are used by the inferencing mechanism to form the passenger flow at the station. This predictive phase is formed by the results of AKIMZEM and AKIMPER sub-programs. These results are;. the observation of the movements which form the passenger flow for each period during the evacuation process;. the determination of the passenger capacity at each period;. the estimation of the waiting periods of the passengers at each cell;. predicting the total evacuation period of the station. In order to determine the validity of the developed conceptual model, the results are applied to the data obtained from the Aksaray Station. The circulation system of the station has been evaluated according to the standard criteria. With this model it is aimed to obtain the expected performance by determining the design data necessary for the lately developed underground stations in Turkey. In the prediction of the evacuation period of the station, the passenger flow toward exit is analyzed. The proposed expert system has the flexibility to turn to be more comprehensive with the addition of the algorithm where the double-direction flow is considered.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Potential anti-tumor activity of kefir-induced juglone and resveratrol fractions against ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing balb/c mice

We investigated the potential influence of kefir-induced juglone and resveratrol fractions (JRK) against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing BALB/c male mice. Kefir yeast was grown in the cell culture supplemented with juglone and resveratrol (1:2). After 48 h incubation, JRK solution was applied (0.1 mL/day i.p.) to the EAC-bearing mice throughout five days. Molecular regulatory mechanisms of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathway components were evaluated in the plasma of mice and isolated EAC cells with ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunocytchemical experiments. EAC-induced upregulation in Bcl-2 and downregulation in Caspase-3 were normalized with JRK in the plasma of mice. Additionally, JRK upregulated the expression levels of apoptotic Bax, p53, Caspase-3,8,9, and APAF-1 proteins together with BAX, CASPASE-8, and CASPASE-9 genes in isolated EAC cells. These changes were also associated with decreased expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins. Immunocytochemical studies also confirmed the activation of apoptotic pathways and repression of anti-apoptotic proteins in EAC cells with JRK treatment. JRK activates apoptotic pathway and inhibits anti-apoptotic genes and proteins in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice that could be beneficial in cancer treatment. © 2020, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. All rights reserved

Short-term diabetes causes cardiovascular inflammation: anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol

41st FEBS Congress on Molecular and Systems Biology for a Better Life -- SEP 03-08, 2016 -- Kusadasi, TURKEYWOS:000383616901699…FEB