347 research outputs found
Constraining Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Globular Clusters
Decades after the first predictions of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs)
in globular clusters (GCs) there is still no unambiguous observational evidence
for their existence. The most promising signatures for IMBHs are found in the
cores of GCs, where the evidence now comes from the stellar velocity
distribution, the surface density profile, and, for very deep observations, the
mass-segregation profile near the cluster center. However, interpretation of
the data, and, in particular, constraints on central IMBH masses, require the
use of detailed cluster dynamical models. Here we present results from Monte
Carlo cluster simulations of GCs that harbor IMBHs. As an example of
application, we compare velocity dispersion, surface brightness and
mass-segregation profiles with observations of the GC M10, and constrain the
mass of a possible central IMBH in this cluster. We find that, although M10
does not seem to possess a cuspy surface density profile, the presence of an
IMBH with a mass up to 0.75% of the total cluster mass, corresponding to about
600 Msun, cannot be excluded. This is also in agreement with the surface
brightness profile, although we find it to be less constraining, as it is
dominated by the light of giants, causing it to fluctuate significantly. We
also find that the mass-segregation profile cannot be used to discriminate
between models with and without IMBH. The reason is that M10 is not yet
dynamically evolved enough for the quenching of mass segregation to take
effect. Finally, detecting a velocity dispersion cusp in clusters with central
densities as low as in M10 is extremely challenging, and has to rely on only
20-40 bright stars. It is only when stars with masses down to 0.3 Msun are
included that the velocity cusp is sampled close enough to the IMBH for a
significant increase above the core velocity dispersion to become detectable.Comment: 30 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Ap
Albumin, the responsible protein of the Cu2+-dependent hydrolysis of O-hexyl O-2,5-dichlorophenyl phosphoramidate (HDCP) by chicken serum "antagonistic stereoselectivity"
O-hexyl O-2,5-dichlorophenyl phosphoramidate (HDCP) is a chiral analogous compound of the methamidophos insecticide that induces delayed neuropathy, and the R-(+)-HDCP enantiomer is an inhibitor of neuropathy target esterase (NTE). This enantiomer is not hydrolized by Ca2+-dependent phosphotriesterases in mammal tissues. Our group had reported R-(+)-HDCP hydrolysis in chicken serum enhanced by 30–250 μM copper in ex vivo assays, which we call "antagonistic stereoselectivity". We checked the hypothesis of the role of cupper binding proteins. Two hundred micrograms of human serum ceruloplasmine or horse kidney methallotionein in 1 mL containing 400 μM HDCP for 60 min showed no significant Cu2+-dependent hydrolysis. However under the same conditions, 10 μL of chicken serum or 10 μL of buffer containing 216 μg of chicken serum albumin (CSA) (amount of albumin content in this serum volume) with 100 μM Cu2+ showed the same stereoselectivity and similar levels to the Cu2+-dependent R-(+)-HDCP hydrolysis. About 75% of R-(+)-HDCP were hydrolyzed after 120 min in the presence of 100 μM Cu2+ (inhibited by 5 mM EDTA). No effects was observed by divalent cations Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+. These results confirm that albumin is the protein responsible for "antagonistic stereoselectivity" observed in chicken ser
Monte Carlo Simulations of Globular Cluster Evolution. VI. The Influence of an Intermediate Mass Black Hole
We present results of a series of Monte Carlo simulations investigating the
imprint of a central intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) on the structure of a
globular cluster. We investigate the three-dimensional and projected density
profiles, and stellar disruption rates for idealized as well as realistic
cluster models, taking into account a stellar mass spectrum and stellar
evolution, and allowing for a larger, more realistic, number of stars than was
previously possible with direct N-body methods. We compare our results to other
N-body and Fokker-Planck simulations published previously. We find, in general,
very good agreement for the overall cluster structure and dynamical evolution
between direct N-body simulations and our Monte Carlo simulations. Significant
differences exist in the number of stars that are tidally disrupted by the
IMBH, which is most likely an effect of the wandering motion of the IMBH, not
included in the Monte Carlo scheme. These differences, however, are negligible
for the final IMBH masses in realistic cluster models as the disruption rates
are generally much lower than for single-mass clusters. As a direct comparison
to observations we construct a detailed model for the cluster NGC 5694, which
is known to possess a central surface brightness cusp consistent with the
presence of an IMBH. We find that not only the inner slope but also the outer
part of the surface brightness profile agree well with observations. However,
there is only a slight preference for models harboring an IMBH compared to
models without.Comment: 37 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ Supplement.
Substantial additions on modeling NGC 5694 since original versio
DAEH N-terminal sequence of avian serum albumins as catalytic center of Cu (II)-dependent organophosphorus hydrolyzing A-esterase activity
O-hexyl O-2,5-dichlorophenyl phosphoramidate (HDCP) induces delayed neuropathy. The R (+)-HDCP inhibits and caused the so call “aging reaction” on inhibited-NTE. This enantiomer is not hydrolyzed by Ca(II)-dependent A-esterases in mammal tissues but is hydrolyzed by Cu(II)-dependent chicken serum albumin (CSA). With the aim of identifying HDCP hydrolysis by other vertebrate albumins, we incubated albumin with 400 μM racemic HDCP in the presence of 100 μM copper sulfate. HDCPase activity was assessed by measurement of HDCP with chiral chromatography. Human, sheep, dog, pig, lamprey or cobra serum albumin did not show a significant activity (~10%). Rabbit and bovine albumins hydrolyzed both enantiomers of HDCP (25% and 50% respectively). Turkey serum albumin had more HDCPase activity (~80 μM remaining) than the chicken albumin (~150 μM remaining). No animal albumins other than chicken showed stereoselective hydrolysis. Preincubation of chicken albumin with 1 mM the histidine modifying agents, 100 μM N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and Zn(II), inhibited its Cu(II)-dependent R (+)-HDCPase activity, where as other mM amino acids modifiers had no inhibitory effects. . These results confirm that the stereoselective hydrolysis of (+)-HDCP is a specific A-esterase catalytic property of chicken albumin. The higher HDCPase activity by turkey albumin suggests the amino-terminal sequence of avian albumins (DAEHK) is the active center of this Cu(II)-dependent A-esterase activity
Equilibration of Concentrated Hard Sphere Fluids
We report a systematic molecular dynamics study of the isochoric
equilibration of hard-sphere fluids in their metastable regime close to the
glass transition. The thermalization process starts with the system prepared in
a non-equilibrium state with the desired final volume fraction {\phi} but with
a prescribed non-equilibrium static structure factor S_0(k; {\phi}). The
evolution of the {\alpha}- relaxation time {\tau}{\alpha} (k) and long-time
self-diffusion coefficient DL as a function of the evolution time tw is then
monitored for an array of volume fractions. For a given waiting time the plot
of {\tau}{\alpha} (k; {\phi}, tw) as a function of {\phi} exhibits two regimes
corresponding to samples that have fully equilibrated within this waiting time
({\phi} \leq {\phi}(c) (tw)), and to samples for which equilibration is not yet
complete ({\phi} \geq {\phi}(c) (tw)). The crossover volume fraction {\phi}(c)
(tw) increases with tw but seems to saturate to a value {\phi}(a) \equiv
{\phi}(c) (tw \rightarrow \infty) \approx 0.582. We also find that the waiting
time t^(eq)_w({\phi}) required to equilibrate a system grows faster than the
corresponding equilibrium relaxation time, t^(eq)({\phi}) \approx 0.27 \times
[{\tau}{\alpha} (k; {\phi})]^1.43, and that both characteristic times increase
strongly as {\phi} approaches {\phi}^(a), thus suggesting that the measurement
of equilibrium properties at and above {\phi}(a) is experimentally impossible
Galactic Globular Clusters with Luminous X-Ray Binaries
Luminous X-ray binaries (>1E34 erg/s, LMXBs) have a neutron star or black
hole primary, and in globular clusters, most of these close binaries are
expected to be have evolved from wider binaries through dynamical interactions
with other stars. We sought to find a predictor of this formation rate that is
representative of the initial properties of globular clusters rather than of
the highly evolved core quantities. Models indicate the half-light quantities
best reflect the initial conditions, so we examine whether the associated
dynamical interaction rate, proportional to L^1.5 r^-2.5, is useful in
understanding the presence of luminous LMXBs in the Galactic globular cluster
system. We find that while LMXB clusters with large values of L^1.5 r^-2.5
preferentially host LMXBs, the systems must also have half-mass relaxation
times below about 1E9 yr. This relaxation time effect probably occurs because
several relaxation times are required to modify binary separations, a timescale
that must be shorter than cluster ages. The frequency of finding an LMXB
cluster is enhanced if the cluster is metal-rich and if it is close to the
bulge region. The dependence upon metallicity is most likely due either to
differing initial mass functions at the high mass end, or because bulge systems
evolve more rapidly from tidal interactions with the bulge. This approach can
be used to investigate globular cluster systems in external galaxies, where
core properties are unresolved.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures; accepted in The Astrophysical Journa
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