MAT-717: MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID FIBRE-REINFORCED ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITE INCORPORATING NITISMA SHORT FIBRES

A new high-strength, high-tensile ductility hybrid fibre-reinforced engineered cementitious composite (HECCSMAF) incorporating randomly dispersed nickel-titanium shape memory alloy short fibres (NiTi-SMA) has been pioneered in this study. The mechanical properties of the HECC-SMAF produced with a combination of 2% polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) and 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% NiTi-SMA fibres by volume fraction have been explored. The experimental results indicate that utilizing a combination of those fibres can enhance the tensile capacity of ECC by up to 39% with a slight to no increase in compressive strength. An overall reduction in workability was observed compared to that of ECC made with only 2% PVA by volume fraction, which is typical of metallic fibre-reinforced cementitious systems. Among the tested ECC mixtures, HECC-SMAF made with 2% PVA and 1% NiTi-SMA presents the best mechanical performance

Seismic Performance of RC Beam-Column Edge Joints Reinforced with Austenite Stainless Steel

Using stainless steel (SS) reinforcement can mitigate colossal corrosion damage inflicted to reinforced concrete (RC) structures worldwide. However, there is still dearth of studies on the seismic behavior of SS-RC structures. Hence, quasi-static tests were carried out in this study to explore the seismic performance of three RC frame edge joint specimens reinforced with SS having strength grade of 500 and one control RC specimen made with grade 400 normal steel. RC edge frame joints reinforced with ordinary steel and SS exhibited similar bending-shear failure patterns at the beam root. The load bearing capacity of the SS-RC edge fame joint specimens was greater than that of the control ordinary steel specimen. SS-RC specimens BJD-1, BJD-2 and BJD-3 had 66.7%, 33.3% and 25% higher cracking load capacity than that of the control specimen BDJ-4, respectively. The yield load increased by 54.5%, 42.3% and 50.4%; while the ultimate load increased by 22.3%, 35.2% and 16.8%, respectively. The yield and ultimate displacements of the specimens were both larger, while the displacement ductility coefficient was smaller, than that of the control specimen. In addition, the energy dissipation and equivalent viscous damping coefficients of the SS reinforced specimens BJD-1, BJD-2 and BJD-3 in both the cracking and yield stages were all greater than that of the control specimen BDJ-4 but were slightly lower in the limit stage. Generally, SS-RC specimens met design code ductility requirements under earthquake loading, with adequate plastic deformation. A constitutive relationship for SS rebar was proposed in this study and used to conduct finite element simulations of the tested specimens. Good correlation between simulation and experimental results was observed. Thus, a parametric study was conducted to numerically investigate the influence of the axial compression, longitudinal and hoop reinforcement ratios on the seismic behavior of SS-RC joints. The findings could provide insight and guidance for future design provisions of concrete structures reinforced with stainless steel

MAT-741: IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY HYBRID FIBRE-REINFORCED ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITE

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the impact behaviour of an innovative hybrid-fibre engineered cementitious composite (ECC) incorporating randomly dispersed short shape memory alloy fibres (SMA). A modified drop weight test was conducted on specimens from various ECC mixtures with and without SMA fibres. The impact behaviour was evaluated and compared based on the ability to dissipate energy and sustain impact load without damage. Results show that the addition of SMA to ECC mixtures significantly enhanced their performance under impact loading. The amount of dissipated energy by ECC increased by about 51% as a result of SMA fibre addition. This highlights the potential benefits of incorporating SMA in composite materials exposed to impact loads, paving the way for a wider implementation in the field of fortified structures

Changes in the composition and fatty acid profile of Najdi ewes’ milk before and after weaning

This trial aimed to study the changes in the yield, composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile of ewes’ milk during suckling and milking periods. Nineteen multiparous Najdi ewes were kept under identical management and feeding conditions during a 12-week trial that was divided into two periods. Milk samples were collected on each sampling day from the total yield during the suckling (3rd, 6th, and 9th week) and milking (12th week) periods. The milk yield and the total solids, fat, protein, and lactose contents of the milk remained constant throughout the suckling weeks, but the protein content increased and milk yield and lactose content decreased after weaning. There were no differences in milk saturated FA (SFA), unsaturated FA (UFA), and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) contents during the suckling and milking periods, whereas the polyunsaturated FA content increased during the milking period. There were no differences in the individual milk SFA during the weeks of suckling, but the contents of caproic acid (C6:0), caprylic acid (C8:0), margaric acid (C17:0), and stearic acid (C18:0) decreased. However, myristic acid (C14:0), lauric acid (C12:0), and isomers of pentadecanoic (C15:0) acid increased during the milking period. The percentage of vaccenic acid (C18:1△11t), rumenic acid (C18:2△9c,11t; conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)), ω-3 FA group, and the atherogenicity index did not differ during the suckling period, but increased after weaning in the 12th week of lactation. This study demonstrated that weaning lambs in Najdi ewes is probably a factor that strongly affects milk traits by changing yield, composition, and FA profile.Keywords: CLA, dairy ewes, milk fat, milk yield, stage of lactatio

Progressive Collapse Resistance of RC Beam–Slab Substructures Made with Rubberized Concrete

Abnormal loads can produce localized damage that can eventually cause progressive collapse of the whole reinforced concrete (RC) structure. This might have devastating financial repercussions and cause numerous severe casualties. Numerical simulation, using the finite element method (FEM), of the consequences of abnormal loads on buildings is thus required to avoid the significant expenses associated with testing full-scale buildings and to save time. In this paper, FEM simulations, using ABAQUS software, were employed to investigate the progressive collapse resistance of the full-scale three-dimensional (3D) beam–slab substructures, considering two concrete mixes, namely: normal concrete (NC) and rubberized concrete (RuC) which was made by incorporating crumb rubber at 20% by volume replacement for sand. The FEM accuracy and dependability were validated using available experimental test results. Concrete and steel material non-linearity were considered in the FE modelling. The numerical study is extended to include eight new models with various specifics (a set of parameters) for further understanding of progressive collapse. Results showed that slabs contribute more than a third of the load resistance, which also significantly improves the building’s progressive collapse resistance. Moreover, the performance of the RuC specimens was excellent in the catenary stage, which develops additional resilience to significant deformation to prevent or even mitigate progressive collapse

Conversión de Oleum papaveris seminis en ésteres metílicos mediante un proceso de esterificación: Optimización y estudio cinético

This paper presents an acid pre-treatment process and a kinetic study for the esterification reaction of Oleum papaveris seminis oil with methanol in the presence of amberlite 120 as a solid catalyst to convert the oil into methyl esters. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the reaction parameters, i.e. reaction time, percentage of the catalyst and volume ratio of methanol to oil. The results revealed that 0.87% w/w of catalyst concentration and 44.70% v/v of methanol to oil ratio provided final free fatty acid (FFA) contents of 0.60% w/w at 102.40 min of reaction time. It proved that the contribution of Amberlite 120 in the esterification of FFA was highly significant. The kinetics of the esterification in Oleum papaveris seminis oil with methanol in the presence of the amberlite 120 catalyst were also investigated to establish the reaction rate constant (k), reaction order, and activation energy. The study was performed under the optimized parameters at three reaction temperatures (50, 55, and 60 ºC). The value of k was in the range of 0.013 to 0.027 min-1. The first-order kinetics’ model was suitable for this irreversible FFA esterification with the activation energy of about 60.9 KJ·mol-1.En este artículo se presenta un proceso de pre-tratamiento con ácido, y un estudio cinético de la reacción de esterificación. Se utiliza Oleum papaveris seminis con metanol en presencia de Amberlite 120 como catalizador sólido para la formación de los ésteres metílicos. Se aplicó una metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) para optimizar los parámetros de la reacción; es decir, tiempo de reacción, porcentaje de la relación de catalizador y volumen de metanol - aceite. Los resultados mostraron que el 0,87% w/w de la concentración de catalizador y 44,70% v/v de metanol en relación al aceite dan lugar a un contenido final de ácidos grasos libres (FFA) de 0,60% w/w en 102,40 min de tiempo de reacción. Se demostró que la contribución de Amberlite 120 en la esterificación de los FFA fue altamente significativa. La cinética de la esterificación del Oleum papaveris Seminis con metanol en presencia del catalizador Amberlite 120 también se investigó para establecer la constante de velocidad de reacción (k), orden de la reacción, y la energía de activación. El estudio se realizó bajo los parámetros optimizados a tres temperaturas de reacción (50, 55, y 60 °C). El valor de la constante k fué del rango de 0.013 a 0,027 min-1. El modelo de cinética de primer orden fue el adecuado para esta esterificación FFA irreversible con una energía de activación de aproximadamente 60,9 KJ mol -1

Strain hardening behavior of lightweight hybrid polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforced cement composites

Experimental results on the strain hardening and multiple cracking behaviors of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforced cementitious composites under bending are reported in this paper. Different hybrid combinations of PVA fibers with different lengths and volume fractions are considered to reinforce the mortar matrix. Among different hybrid combinations, the composite containing 2% thicker PVA fibers of 12 mm length and 1% thinner PVA fibers of 6 mm length and the composite containing 2% thicker PVA fibers of 24 mm length and 1% thinner PVA fibers of 6 mm length showed the best performance in terms of highest ultimate load, largest CMOD (crack mouth opening displacement) at peak load and multiple cracking behavior. The effects of four types of light weight sands on the strain hardening and multiple cracking behavior of hybrid fiber composites are also evaluated in this study. It has been observed that the ultimate load and CMOD at peak load for all light weight hybrid fiber composites are almost the same irrespective of volume fractions of light weight sand. The composites containing finer light weight sands exhibited higher ultimate load than those containing coarser light weight sands. It is also observed that the hybrid fiber composite containing normal silica sand exhibited higher ultimate load than the composites with light weight sands

The detection of glycidyl ester in edible palm-based cooking oil using FTIR-chemometrics and 1H NMR analysis

Glycidyl ester (GE) is a process contaminant formed during the palm oil refining process. In this study, 156 spectra of palm-based cooking oilwere recorded by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and resulting data were processed using chemometrics approach. The relationship between spectrum data and measured data of GE content was established using Cubist, Random Forest (RF), average neural network (avNNET), and artificial neural network (nnet) model. Then, a consensus regression model was established using a fusion of those four models. GE contents measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) were between 1.338 and 18.362 mg/kg with mean value of 6.880 ± 3.767 mg/kg and median value of 6.480 mg/kg. In this study, FTIR spectrum served as data input and calibrated using measurements from GC-MS. NMR was then applied to verify the present and structural information of GE. Prediction results of GE using the consensus model showed -high coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.79. The contribution (in percentage) of each member model from highest to the lowest was in order Cubist > RF > avNNET > nnet. Further confirmation of the presence of GE in samples were performed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Comprehensive analyses based on FTIR chemometrics and 1H NMR spectroscopy successfully determined GE in palm-based cooking oil