AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ABILITY IN FINDING VERB THROUGH SONG LYRICS IN SMP MARISI MEDAN

This research was aimed to find out the students’ vocabulary ability in finding verb through song lyrics. And this study has done in SMP MARISI Medan. Speaking is one of the language skills in English. That’s why mastery vocabulary is needed by every people. Vocabulary is a set of similar words within a person’s language. A vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as as useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Teaching vocabulary through song is not only sing or reading lyric of song and fun so that is make the students passive but also process of teaching these vocabulary to be applied in activities in a form of communication.The result of analysis showed that finding verb through song lyrics answered by students’. The students’ who got excellent is 18 (60%), the students’ who got good is 10 (33,3%) . so after the writer got there are score, the writer concluded that students’ who got excellent and good categorized able. The students’ who got categorized Bad2 (6,6%) students’. So, after the writer got there are score, the writer conclude that students’ who got enough and bad categorized unable in finding verb. The researcher hopes that the students’ should be active in learning especially on vocabulary because vocabulary is one of important skills in learning English. The students’ must develop their vocabulary so they can speak well in English. Moreover, the students’ may get more knowledge to improve their vocabulary in English

Delivery outcomes in women with congenital heart disease: results from the Cuban National Programme for pregnancy and heart disease

Abstract Objective To inform on delivery outcomes achieved in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients by the Cuban National Programme for pregnancy and heart disease. Methods Single-centre retrospective study on a prospectively collected cardiac pregnancy database at a tertiary referral hospital (January 2000–May 2017). Primary outcomes: pregnancy duration, outcome, maternal/fetal complications. Results Four hundred sixty-seven pregnancies in 462 recorded cases reached third trimester. Median age: 25 (21–29) years. Patients presented in NYHA class I (97%, n = 453) or II (3%, n = 14), 6% (n = 27) had arrhythmias, 1% (n = 4) had co-morbidities, 1% (n = 4) had impaired left ventricular function. There were 464 singleton pregnancies and 3 twin pregnancies. Of the singleton pregnancies, one resulted in stillbirth (0.2%). The rest were live births (n = 463), median weight 3200 (2900–3421) grams. Median pregnancy duration: 39.1 (38.6–40) weeks. Caesarean rate: 34% (n = 156). All twin pregnancies (n = 3) resulted in live births (n = 6) via caesarean section, of median weight 2710 (2458–2850) grams and median pregnancy duration 37 (36–38) weeks. Maternal cardiovascular complications (< 0.5%, n = 2), and obstetric complications (14%, n = 67) did not result in any mortality. Small-for-gestational-age was the commonest neonatal complication (10%, n = 48), with zero mortality. Three neonates (1%) had CHD. Post-delivery maternal NYHA functional status: class I in 84% (n = 393), class II in 16% (n = 73), and class III in one patient (< 0.5%). Conclusion In middle-income countries management of CHD pregnancies according to existing guidelines can achieve good maternal and fetal outcomes

Compensatory premotor activity during affective face processing in subclinical carriers of a single mutant Parkin allele

Patients with Parkinson's disease suffer from significant motor impairments and accompanying cognitive and affective dysfunction due to progressive disturbances of basal ganglia–cortical gating loops. Parkinson's disease has a long presymptomatic stage, which indicates a substantial capacity of the human brain to compensate for dopaminergic nerve degeneration before clinical manifestation of the disease. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence that increased motor-related cortical activity can compensate for progressive dopaminergic nerve degeneration in carriers of a single mutant Parkin or PINK1 gene, who show a mild but significant reduction of dopamine metabolism in the basal ganglia in the complete absence of clinical motor signs. However, it is currently unknown whether similar compensatory mechanisms are effective in non-motor basal ganglia–cortical gating loops. Here, we ask whether asymptomatic Parkin mutation carriers show altered patterns of brain activity during processing of facial gestures, and whether this might compensate for latent facial emotion recognition deficits. Current theories in social neuroscience assume that execution and perception of facial gestures are linked by a special class of visuomotor neurons (‘mirror neurons’) in the ventrolateral premotor cortex/pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 44/6). We hypothesized that asymptomatic Parkin mutation carriers would show increased activity in this area during processing of affective facial gestures, replicating the compensatory motor effects that have previously been observed in these individuals. Additionally, Parkin mutation carriers might show altered activity in other basal ganglia–cortical gating loops. Eight asymptomatic heterozygous Parkin mutation carriers and eight matched controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging and a subsequent facial emotion recognition task. As predicted, Parkin mutation carriers showed significantly stronger activity in the right ventrolateral premotor cortex during execution and perception of affective facial gestures than healthy controls. Furthermore, Parkin mutation carriers showed a slightly reduced ability to recognize facial emotions that was least severe in individuals who showed the strongest increase of ventrolateral premotor activity. In addition, Parkin mutation carriers showed a significantly weaker than normal increase of activity in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (inferior frontal gyrus pars orbitalis, Brodmann area 47), which was unrelated to facial emotion recognition ability. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that compensatory activity in the ventrolateral premotor cortex during processing of affective facial gestures can reduce impairments in facial emotion recognition in subclinical Parkin mutation carriers. A breakdown of this compensatory mechanism might lead to the impairment of facial expressivity and facial emotion recognition observed in manifest Parkinson's disease

Differences in the processing of anaphoric reference between closely related languages: neurophysiological evidence

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Deficient sustained attention to response task and P300 characteristics in early Huntington’s disease

Evidence for the extent and nature of attentional impairment in premanifest and manifest Huntington’s disease (HD) is inconsistent. Understanding such impairments may help to better understand early functional changes in HD and could have consequences concerning care for HD patients. We investigated attentional control in both early and premanifest HD. We studied 17 early HD subjects (mean age: 51 years), 12 premanifest HD subjects (mean age: 43 years), and 15 healthy controls (mean age: 51 years), using the sustained attention to response task (SART), a simple Go/No-go test reflecting attentional and inhibitory processes through reaction time (RT) and error rates. Simultaneously recorded EEG yielded P300 amplitudes and latencies. The early HD group made more Go errors (p < 0.001) and reacted slower (p < 0.005) than the other groups. The RT pattern during the SART was remarkably different for early HD subjects compared to the other two groups (p < 0.005), apparent as significant post-error slowing. P300 data showed that for early HD the No-go amplitude was lower than for the other two groups (p < 0.05). Subjects with early HD showed a reduced capacity to effectively control attention. They proved unable to resume the task directly after having made an error, and need more time to return to pre-error performance levels. No attentional control deficits were found for the premanifest HD group

Internal and external information in error processing

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The use of self-generated and externally provided information in performance monitoring is reflected by the appearance of error-related and feedback-related negativities (ERN and FRN), respectively. Several authors proposed that ERN and FRN are supported by similar neural mechanisms residing in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. The present study is aimed to test the functional relationship between ERN and FRN. Using an Eriksen-Flanker task with a moving response deadline we tested 17 young healthy subjects. Subjects received feedback with respect to their response accuracy and response speed. To fulfill both requirements of the task, they had to press the correct button and had to respond in time to give a valid response.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When performance monitoring based on self-generated information was sufficient to detect a criterion violation an ERN was released, while the subsequent feedback became redundant and therefore failed to trigger an FRN. In contrast, an FRN was released if the feedback contained information which was not available before and action monitoring processes based on self-generated information failed to detect an error.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The described pattern of results indicates a functional interrelationship of response and feedback related negativities in performance monitoring.</p

When Music and Long-Term Memory Interact: Effects of Musical Expertise on Functional and Structural Plasticity in the Hippocampus

The development of musical skills by musicians results in specific structural and functional modifications in the brain. Surprisingly, no functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has investigated the impact of musical training on brain function during long-term memory retrieval, a faculty particularly important in music. Thus, using fMRI, we examined for the first time this process during a musical familiarity task (i.e., semantic memory for music). Musical expertise induced supplementary activations in the hippocampus, medial frontal gyrus, and superior temporal areas on both sides, suggesting a constant interaction between episodic and semantic memory during this task in musicians. In addition, a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) investigation was performed within these areas and revealed that gray matter density of the hippocampus was higher in musicians than in nonmusicians. Our data indicate that musical expertise critically modifies long-term memory processes and induces structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampus

Morphological brain differences between adult stutterers and non-stutterers

BACKGROUND: The neurophysiological and neuroanatomical foundations of persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) are still a matter of dispute. A main argument is that stutterers show atypical anatomical asymmetries of speech-relevant brain areas, which possibly affect speech fluency. The major aim of this study was to determine whether adults with PDS have anomalous anatomy in cortical speech-language areas. METHODS: Adults with PDS (n = 10) and controls (n = 10) matched for age, sex, hand preference, and education were studied using high-resolution MRI scans. Using a new variant of the voxel-based morphometry technique (augmented VBM) the brains of stutterers and non-stutterers were compared with respect to white matter (WM) and grey matter (GM) differences. RESULTS: We found increased WM volumes in a right-hemispheric network comprising the superior temporal gyrus (including the planum temporale), the inferior frontal gyrus (including the pars triangularis), the precentral gyrus in the vicinity of the face and mouth representation, and the anterior middle frontal gyrus. In addition, we detected a leftward WM asymmetry in the auditory cortex in non-stutterers, while stutterers showed symmetric WM volumes. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide strong evidence that adults with PDS have anomalous anatomy not only in perisylvian speech and language areas but also in prefrontal and sensorimotor areas. Whether this atypical asymmetry of WM is the cause or the consequence of stuttering is still an unanswered question