Economic analysis of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production in Turkey

Since the onset of the commercial application of soilless culture, this production approach has evoluted at a fast pace, gaining popularity among growers throughout the world. As a result, a lot of information has been developed by growers, advisors, researchers, and suppliers of equipment and substrate. This study aimed to determine the cost and return of soilless greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production and to prepare a sample budget for growers. Soilless cultivation is an alternative production method for Turkish growers and it is being practised on a commercial basis on 180 ha. Cost and return budgets can be useful for growers because they allows growers to compare total production cost and revenue varying grower type, production time, geographical location, operation size, and cost structure. Growers can identify items in their budget that have a greater effect on profitability, and make adjustments. In this study, economic aspects of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production was analysed as comparative. Total costs were subtracted from total gross revenue to calculate the net return of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production. The cost items of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production were initial investment costs, variable costs, and fixed costs. Net return obtained from cucumbers grown in a mixture of perlite and zeolite was determined as € 1.84 m-2, whereas it was € 1.48 m-2 in conventional soil-based production. Production and market risks both affect profitability and economic viability of soilless grown vegetables.Desde o início da implantação de cultivos comerciais sem solo suas técnicas de produção tem evoluido em ritmo acelerado, ganhando popularidade entre agricultores de todo o mundo. Como resultado, uma grande quantidade de informação tem sido desenvolvida pelos produtores, consultores, pesquisadores e fornecedores de equipamentos e substratos. Determinaram-se o custo e retorno financeiro da produção de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) e preparou-se um exemplo de orçamento para produtores. Na Turquia o cultivo sem solo é um método alternativo de produção para agricultores e é praticado em bases comerciais em 180 hectares. Por conseguinte, avaliações de custos e retornos podem ser úteis para produtores porque permitem aos mesmos comparar o custo total da produção e o retorno segundo variações de tipo de olericultor, tempo de produção, localização geográfica, tamanho do empreendimento e custo das estruturas. Os produtores podem assim identificar quais itens em seus orçamantos tem maior efeito na rentabilidade e fazer ajustes. Nesse estudo aspectos econômicos de cultivos de pepino em casas de vegetação sem solo e com solo foram analisados e comparados.Os custos totais foram subtraidos das receitas brutas para fins de cálculo do retorno líquido de produções de pepino em cultivos com e sem solo. Os custos dos itens dos cultivos com e sem solo foram: investimentos iniciais, custos variáveis e custos fixos. O retorno líquido obtido pelos produtores de pepino cultivados em um substrato de perlita e zeolita foi de € 1.84 m-2 e de € 1.48 m-2 para o cultivo convencional com solo. Contudo, riscos de produção e de mercado afetam a rentabilidade e viabilidade econômica de hortaliças cultivadas sem solo

Seasonal Effects of Environmental Variables on Molluscan Communities in Çardak Lagoon (Turkish Straits)

Abstract: In the present study, the effects of environmental variables on the community of molluscans found in a protected lagoon system (Çardak Lagoon, Dardanelles) polluted by domestic waste were investigated. Samplings were performed from sandy and silty bottoms of the study area between the depths of 1 and 1.8 m in October 2018, February, April, and June 2019. A total of 14954 specimens and 59 molluscan species (2 Polyplacophora, 30 bivalves, and 27 gastropods) were found, with two exotic species, Arcuatula senhousia and Ruditape sphilippinarum. Highest gastropod abundance was observed in autumn 2018, while the highest bivalves abundance was in spring 2019. Considering environmental variables, gravel content had highest correlation with Shannon-Weaver and Turkish Biotic Index values. In addition, anionic detergent derived from domestic pollution affected diversity. Environmental variables of anthropogenic origin were found to modify the community structure at high level. Dissolved oxygen, oxygen reduction potential, nitrite + nitrate, and chemical oxygen demand concentrations in water, and sand content in sediment were important variables affecting the distribution of molluscan species in the study area. © 2023, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.This study was supported by COST Action Project-TUBITAK (project no. 117Y510).European Cooperation in Science and Technology, COST: 117Y51

The dividing of the sphere in domes of medieval anatolia

The stylistic language of art and architecture in medieval Anatolia largely consists of geometric features with various levels of mathematical complexity. Whereas the two-dimensional graphic designs employ certain geometric relations and rules, their making, in three-dimensional space, relies on the spatial material qualities and the overall architectural form more than just visual transformations. For understanding how their architectonic harmony was implemented, it is crucial to consider not only the geometric design but also other parameters such as the surface geometry, the physical properties of the material, and the crafting technique. Under the patronage of Seljuks in Anatolia, the rigorous application of the decoration program on historical buildings manifests a collaboration coordinated by a master builder between mathematicians, designers, and craftsmen. Geometric patterns were applied to all kinds of building surfaces. Dome decorations particularly addressed challenges of building with spherical geometry. We investigate the historical ways to construct continuous patterns on dome surfaces and how each simultaneously handles aspects of geometrical calculation, the design, and construction processes.WOS:000613098000015Scopus - Affiliation ID: 60105072Conference Proceedings Citation Index- ScienceProceedings PaperŞubat2020YÖK - 2020-2