Density Controlled Divide-and-Rule Scheme for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster based routing technique is most popular routing technique in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Due to varying need of WSN applications efficient energy utilization in routing protocols is still a potential area of research. In this research work we introduced a new energy efficient cluster based routing technique. In this technique we tried to overcome the problem of coverage hole and energy hole. In our technique we controlled these problems by introducing density controlled uniform distribution of nodes and fixing optimum number of Cluster Heads (CHs) in each round. Finally we verified our technique by experimental results of MATLAB simulations.Comment: 26th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE2013), Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, 201

Predictive and prognostic modelling and simulation of coating failures due to corrosion and mechanical failures

This research presents analytical and mathematical modelling of coating failures within industrial components, structures, mobile assets and systems due to corrosive degradation and mechanical fracture. These failures lead to serval surface problems, therefore contact mechanics and electrochemistry approaches incorporating induced residual stresses have been adopted to develop a comprehensive solution for the prediction prognostic of such failures. Experimental study of film cracking and its propagation into substrates, interfacial transient behaviours and film-substrate system has been conducted. A parallel study of corrosive degradation to include cathodic delamination, cathodic blistering and tribo-corrosion of films has been conducted. Experimental and analytical studies of induced residual stresses within the coating and their effects on failure mechanisms and propagation have been completed. A detailed investigation of elastic mismatch at the interfacial contact and interfacial crack tip field has been performed and a complex stress intensity factor is presented. Mathematical derivation of oscillatory singularity, mode mix and interfacial fracture criterion to include adhesion are presented. This paper presents novel mathematical modelling incorporating interfacial crack propagating, diffusion of corrosive species and cathodic blistering for prediction and prognoses of coating failures

Aerodynamic characteristics of a cranked planform blended wing-body aircraft with 40° sweep angle

Baseline 7 Blended Wing-Body design is introduced to study the behaviour of the control surfaces, given four elevons without vertical stabilizer and wingtip. The objective of the paper is to obtain an aerodynamic characteristic of a cranked planform blended wing-body aircraft. The airfoil used for the entire body is NACA 2412, which is selected for ease of fabrication process. The wingspan of the model is 1.4 m with 0.2 m thickness. The sweep angle of the model is fixed to 40°. The wingspan area is calculated at 0.405 m2. The experiment is conducted at UTM-LST Wind Tunnel, AEROLAB, Skudai, Johor with test wind speed of 15 m/s. The maximum lift-to-drag ratio for the model is found to be around 21.9, which is better than many conventional aircraft. Nonetheless, the parabolic regression made to the drag versus lift plot only yields maximum lift-to-drag ratio of 10.0. The value of drag coefficient at zero lift is 0.012 while the maximum lift coefficient found is at 0.65 at 15° angle of attack. The lift-to-drag ratio improves 38.3% from 15.9 in the previously-published design. The neutral point is found to be located at 30.6% of the mean geometric chord in front of the wind tunnel model reference center or about 0.398 m from the nose of the 0.63 m long aircraft model or at 63.1% of aircraft length from the nose

Zamzam Water: Influence of Containers on Ionic Concentration and In-vitro Cytotoxic Effects on U87 Cell Line

Zamzam is holy water believed by Muslim to have remedial power for all kinds of diseases. It contains many electrolytes and the concentration of the electrolytes may be affected by the types of container used for its storage. This study was carried out to determine the difference in ions concentration of Zamzam water stored in plastic and glass containers, and to determine cytotoxicity effects of Zamzam water against U-87 cell line (human primary glioblastoma cell line). Ion Chromatography (IC) was used to analyze the concentration. The analyzed anions in the Zamzam water include bromide, chloride, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate and fluoride whereas the cations were ammonium, lithium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. Subsequently, MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of Zamzam water on U-87 cell line. This study reveals that Zamzam water anions and cations concentration was not statistically significant neither in plastic nor glass container.  In addition, the Zamzam water did not cause any toxicity on the U87 cell line. We postulate that types of container do not have much influence on the ion concentration of Zamzam water and it is non-toxic on U87 cell line. Keywords: Zamzam water; ion concentration; plastic; glass; U87 cell line

Perancangan Resort Tanjung Malaha dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur Hijau di Kabupaten Kolaka

Indonesia adalah negara yang memiliki 17.504 pulau yang mana diantara pulau ini terdapat banyak pantai yang memiliki keindahan alam yang memukau, seperti pantai Tanjung Malaha yang menjadi salah satu wisata yang cukup ternama di Sulawesi Tenggara. Namun dari sisi sarana dan prasarana Tanjung Malaha pada saat ini belum memadai, hal ini terlihat dari belum adanya kantor pengelola, restoran, musala, penginapan dan lain-lain. Oleh karena itu untuk memajukan wisata ini maka perlu adanya pengembangan berupa Perancangan Resort Tanjung Malaha di Kabupaten Kolaka. Agar rancangan ini tidak merusak lingkungan dan hemat energi maka perlu menggunakan pendekatan arsitektur hijau. Resort yang berlokasi di Tanjung Malaha, Jalan Trans Sulawesi ini memiliki luas lahan 5,019 ha. pada tapak ini terdiri beberapa resort dan bangunan penunjang berupa ruang parkir, Resepsionis dan kantor pengelola, restoran, musala, gedung karyawan dan gedung service yang total luasnya 2.754,185 m2 . konsep bentuk bangunan mengambil dari bentuk Bintang Laut Culcita SP atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Bintang Laut Bantal

Tunable, low frequency microwave generation from AWG based closely-spaced dual-wavelength single-longitudinal-mode fibre laser

Stable, closely-spaced Dual-Wavelength Fibre Lasers (DWFLs) have high potential for applications such as Radio-over-Fibre and optical sensing. In this work, a DWFL using two Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWGs) to generate a closely-spaced dual-wavelength output is proposed and demonstrated. A 1 m long highly doped Leikki Er80-8/125 Erbium Doped Fibre (EDF) is used as the linear gain medium, while two AWGs are used to generate the closely-spaced lasing wavelengths. A Mach-Zehnder modulator, driven at 180 kHz, splits the closely spaced wavelengths into two clearly defined wavelengths, while a 7 cm long un-pumped Leikki Er80-8/125 EDF and sub-ring cavity is used to suppress unwanted side-modes. Close spacing of between 0.01 to 0.03 nm are obtained, with beating frequencies of between 1.4 to 3.2 GHz. The output is highly stable, with almost no fluctuations over the test period

Enzymatic and biochemical characterization of Bungarus sindanus snake venom acetylcholinesterase

This study analyses venom from the elapid krait snake Bungarus sindanus, which contains a high level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The enzyme showed optimum activity at alkaline pH (8.5) and 45ºC. Krait venom AChE was inhibited by substrate. Inhibition was significantly reduced by using a high ionic strength buffer; low ionic strength buffer (10 mM PO4 pH 7.5) inhibited the enzyme by 1. 5mM AcSCh, while high ionic strength buffer (62 mM PO4 pH 7.5) inhibited it by 1 mM AcSCh. Venom acetylcholinesterase was also found to be thermally stable at 45ºC; it only lost 5% of its activity after incubation at 45ºC for 40 minutes. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for acetylthiocholine iodide hydrolysis was found to be 0.068 mM. Krait venom acetylcholinesterase was also inhibited by ZnCl2, CdCl2, and HgCl2 in a concentrationdependent manner. Due to the elevated levels of AChE with high catalytic activity and because it is more stable than any other sources, Bungarus sindanus venom is highly valuable for biochemical studies of this enzyme

Adsorption of basic dye on high-surface-area activated carbon prepared from coconut husk: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Adsorption isotherm and kinetics of methylene blue on activated carbon prepared from coconut husk were determined from batch tests. The effects of contact time (1–30 h), initial dye concentration (50–500 mg/l) and solution temperature (30–50 °C) were investigated. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The equilibrium data were best represented by Langmuir isotherm model, showing maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 434.78 mg/g. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, and was found to follow closely the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (ΔH°), standard entropy (ΔS°) and standard free energy (ΔG°) were evaluated. The adsorption interaction was found to be exothermic in nature. Coconut husk-based activated carbon was shown to be a promising adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions