26 research outputs found
Work like a Doc: a comparison of regulations on residents' working hours in 14 high-income countries
Background: Medical residents work long, continuous hours. Working in conditions of extreme fatigue has adverse effects on the quality and safety of care, and on residents' quality of life. Many countries have attempted to regulate residentsâ work hours. Objectives: We aimed to review residentsâ work hours regulations in different countries with an emphasis on night shifts. Methods: Standardized qualitative data on residentsâ working hours were collected with the assistance of experts from 14 high-income countries through a questionnaire. An international comparative analysis was performed. Results: All countries reviewed limit the weekly working hours; North-American countries limit to 60â80 h, European countries limit to 48 h. In most countries, residents work 24 or 26 consecutive hours, but the number of long overnight shifts varies, ranging from two to ten. Many European countries face difficulties in complying with the weekly hour limit and allow opt-out contracts to exceed it. Conclusions: In the countries analyzed, residents still work long hours. Attempts to limit the shift length or the weekly working hours resulted in modest improvements in residentsâ quality of life with mixed effects on quality of care and residentsâ education
The politics of popular initiatives The radical right in interwar Estonia
SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN018396 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
FOORUM: Milline on Eesti ajalooteaduse tulevik?
Kui teemanumbri seitse artiklit vĂ”tsid tagasivaatavalt vaagida Eesti ajalooteaduse arengusuundi vii masel kahel kĂŒmnendil, siis siinse foorumi seitse lĂŒhiesseed heidavad vastukaaluks pilgu ettepoole, arutledes Eesti ajalooteaduse vĂ”imalike suundumuste ĂŒle jĂ€rgmisel kahel aastakĂŒmnel. Ettepanek foo rumisse panustada sai tehtud teadlikult vaid nendele eri pĂ”lvkondade Eesti ajaloolastele â doktorandist emeriitprofessoriteni â, kes on mĂ”nda aega tegutsenud vĂ”i tegutsevad praegu vĂ€lismaa ĂŒlikoolides. Selle valiku taga on lihtne soov pakkuda avaramat vaadet, nÂö kĂ”rvalt pilku, mida teises ĂŒhiskonnas töötamine eelduspĂ€raselt pakub. Ăhtlasi vĂ”ib valikut kĂ€sitada tunnismĂ€rgina sellest, et uuel sajandil on ĂŒha enam Eesti ajaloolasi leidnud rakendust nimekates ĂŒlikoolides ĂŒle ilma. TĂ€nan siinkohal toi metuse nimel kĂ”iki, kes leidsid vĂ”imaluse ettepanek vastu vĂ”tta. MĂ”tteliselt vĂ”ib siinse foorumi siduda kahekĂŒmne aasta taguse katsetusega ajakirjas Vikerkaar, kus palusin kĂŒmmekonnal Eesti ajaloolasel arutleda lĂŒhiessee vormis kĂŒsimuse ĂŒle âKuidas kirjutada Eesti ajaluguâ.1 JÀÀb vaid loota, et hiljemalt 2040. aastal saab see mĂ”tteline traditsioon uue jĂ€rje
Eastern Partnership: bringing 'the political' back in
Drawing on Edkinsâ (1999) interpretation of âpoliticsâ and âthe politicalâ, this article conceptually rethinks the Eastern Partnership agenda. Part of the problem, as this article argues, is the EUâs failure to imagine a new social order, which would give a relational value to the Other, and become more accommodating of their diverse and different world: and not by way of disciplining it to the EU purported standards, but rather by way of aligning differences to a mutually agreeable ânormalâ. The article thus problematises power relations as a process of âotheringâ, in order to re-conceptualise them via the key notions of differentiation conceived as distinction rather than deviation, and normalisation, seen as the interplay between different normalities. The article argues for bringing âthe politicalâ (Edkins 1999) back in as an opportunity for debate and legitimation of contesting social orders
Populism and Political Party Institutionalisation in the Three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
The internationalisation of higher education in two different contexts: Catalan and Estonian sociolinguistic perspectives
A Turbulent political history and the legacy of state Socialism in the Baltic countries
This chapter provides a survey of the political, socio-economic and demographic development of the Baltic countries. It is meant to give readers a general understanding of the setting in which large urban housing estates were built from the 1960s to the 1980s. The chapter begins with an account of the history of the Baltic countries, including their emergence as independent nations, their incorporation into the USSR and their reappearance on the world map in 1991. The second section analyses the modernisation of the Baltic economies, the Soviet strategies for industrialisation and their impact on the housing sector. The Baltic region enjoyed somewhat higher living standards and exhibited greater openness to Western influences than other union republics, which made Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania attractive to economic migrants from other parts of the USSR. The analysis also shows that the Baltic countries experienced demographic modernisation earlier than other regions of the USSR. A high demand for labour is driven by Soviet strategies for economic development, and slow population growth in the host countries, particularly in Estonia and Latvia, contributed to the persistence of high levels of immigration throughout the post-war decades. Due to their large numbers, migrant workers significantly transformed the composition of the urban population in the Baltic countries. Through a combination of factors, including the housing allocation mechanism, immigrants gained privileged access to new accommodation, and they became over-represented in the housing estates. This development connects the future of the housing estates with the integration of immigrants who settled in the region during the Soviet era