Alternativas de controle químico de junquinho resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da als.

Cyperus iria L. (CYPIR) é uma das principais ciperáceas ocorrentes em lavouras de arroz irrigado. Durante muitos anos, os herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS) foram a principal ferramenta para controle de CYPIR, favorecendo a seleção de biótipos com resistência cruzada. Com base no nível de resistência, é necessária a adoção de medidas de controle químico alternativo a fim de evitar a evolução da resistência e reduzir a interferência sobre a cultura. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar alternativas de controle químico de CYPIR com resistência cruzada aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS, ocorrente em lavouras de arroz irrigado no Sul do Brasil. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os herbicidas utilizados foram: imazethapyr; formulação de imazapyr+imazapic; bentazon; propanil; formulação de bentazon+imazamox; mistura de (bentazone + imazamox) + (imazapyr + imazapic); associação de bentazone + formulação de (imazapyr + imazapic); glyphosate; e testemunha sem herbicida. A avaliação do controle foi realizada em biótipo resistente (CYPIR-R) e suscetível (CYPIR-S), e a fitotoxicidade avaliada nas cultivares Guri Inta CL, IRGA 424 RI e IRGA 409. Aos 28 dias após aplicação (DAA) foi avaliado o controle/ fitotoxicidade e a matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA). Todos os tratamentos testados, com exceção do imazethapyr e formulação de imazapyr+imazapic isolados, foram eficientes. Há alternativas para o controle químico de Cyperus iria resistente aos inibidores da ALS e esses, quando associados com produtos que apresentam mecanismo de ação diferentes, não inviabilizam o uso da tecnologia ClearField®.Cyperus iria L. (CYPIR) is one of the main cyperaceae occurring in irrigated rice crop. For many years, acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides (ALS) were the main tool to control CYPIR, favoring the selection of cross-resistance biotypes. Based on the level of resistance, it is necessary to adopt alternative chemical control measures in order to avoid the evolution of the resistance and to reduce the interference on the crop. The aim of this work was to evaluate alternatives of chemical control of CYPIR to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, occurring in irrigated rice crops in southern Brazil. There were conducted two experiments in greenhouse, arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The herbicides used were: imazethapyr; imazapyr+imazapic formulation; bentazon; propanil; formulation of bentazon+imazamox; mixture of (bentazone + imazamox) + (imazapyr + imazapic); association of bentazone + (imazapyr + imazapic); glyphosate; and control without herbicide. The control evaluation was performed in a resistant (CYPIR-S) and susceptible (CYPIR-S) biotype, and the phytotoxicity evaluated in the Guri Inta CL, IRGA 424 RI and IRGA 409 cultivars. At 28 days after application (DAA) the control / phytotoxicity and shoot dry matter (SDM) were evaluated. All treatments tested, except for imazethapyr and imazapyr+imazapic applied in isolation, were efficient. There are alternatives to the chemical control of Cyperus iria resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and these, when associated with products that have different mechanisms of action, do not impair the use of ClearField® technology

Optimal numerical design of bucket elevators using discontinuous deformation analysis

Bucket elevators are efficient machines to transport granular materials in industrial and civil engineering applications. These materials are composed of hundreds, thousands or even more particles, the global behavior of which is defined by contact interactions. The first attempts to analyze the transportation of granular materials were treated by very simple continuum methods that do not take into account these interactions, producing simulations that do not fit the experimental results accurately. Given the internal discontinuity nature of granular media, it is reasonable to use numerical methods to model their behavior, such as discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA)-a member of the discrete element method family that started to be used in the 90s to analyze similar problems. The version of DDA used in the current work treats grains as rigid circular particles with friction, damping and eventually cohesion with the objective of simulating and analyzing in detail the discharge of granular materials with bucket elevators. A deterministic computer code has been implemented and validated against simplified analytical formulae and experimental results taken from the literature. This computer code is then used to obtain optimum two-dimensional bucket geometries under specific working conditions. The optimization aims to maximize transport distance and to minimize remaining material, taking into account bucket velocity and the properties of the grains. The resulting geometries are discussed and compared against standard designs.J.L. Perez-Aparicio, R. Bravo were partially supported by the MFOM I+D (2004/38), both by MICIIN #BIA 2008-00522 and the first also by Polytechnic University of Valencia under grant PAID 05-10-2674. J.J. Gomez-Hernandez was partially supported by MICIIN #CGL 2011-23295.Pérez Aparicio, JL.; Bravo, R.; Gómez-Hernández, JJ. (2014). Optimal numerical design of bucket elevators using discontinuous deformation analysis. Granular Matter. 16(4):485-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-014-0485-5S485498164Rademacher, F.: Non-spill discharge characteristics of bucket elevators. Powder Technol. 22(2), 215–241 (1979)Koster, K.: Bulk material discharge of bucket elevators, especially high-capacity bucket elevators. [zum schuettgutabwurf bei becherwerken, insbesondere bei hochleistungsbecherwerken]. Aufbereitungs-Technik 25(8), 450–463 (1984)Koster, K.: Use of high-capacity bucket elevators in the cement industry. [zum einsatz von hochleistungsbecherwerken in der zementindustrie]. Zement-Kalk-Gips 33(3), 116–119 (1980)Koster, K.: Development and state of the art in heavy-duty bucket elevators with central chains—part 2 [entwicklung und stand der technik von hochleistungs-becherwerken mit zentralkette—teil 2]. ZKG Int. 49(4), 173–187 (1996)Koster, K.: Centrifugal discharge of bucket elevators. Bulk Solids Handl. 5(2), 449–460 (1985)Koster, K.: Problem of complete emptying of high-speed elevator buckets. Aufbereitungs-Technik 27(9), 471–481 (1986)Korzen, Z.: Mechanics of gravitational discharge of cell-less bucket wheels in reclaiming machines. Bulk Solids Handl. 7(6), 801–812 (1987)Korzen, Z., Dudek, K.: Mathematical model of the operational efficiency of a multibucket centrifugal discharge wheel [model matematyczny wydajnosci roboczego procesu kola wieloczerpakowego z odsrodkowym wysypem]. Politechnika Warszawska Prace Naukowe Mechanika 1(121), 187–199 (1989)Shi, G., Goodman, R.: Two dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 9(6), 541–556 (1985)Pérez-Aparicio, J., Bravo, R.: Discrete Elements, vol. 2, pp. 41–77. Consorcio TCN (2006)Shi, G.: Discontinuous Deformation Analysis: A New Model for the Statics and Dynamics of Block Systems. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley (1988)Moosavi, M., Grayeli, R.: A model for cable bolt-rock mass interaction: integration with discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) algorithm. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 43(4), 661–670 (2006)Pérez-Aparicio, J., Bravo, R., Ortiz, P.: Refined element discontinuous numerical analysis of dry-contact masonry arches. Eng. Struct. 48, 578–587 (2013)McBride, W., Sinnott, M., Cleary, P.: Discrete element modelling of a bucket elevator head pulley transition zone. Granul. Matter 13(2), 169–174 (2011)Kruggel-Emden, H., Sudbrock, F., Wirtz, S., Scherer, V.: Experimental and numerical investigation of the bulk behavior of wood pellets on a model type grate. Granul. Matter 14(6), 681–693 (2012)Walton, O., Moor, C., Gill, K.: Effects of gravity on cohesive behavior of fine powders: implications for processing lunar regolith. Granul. Matter 9(5), 353–363 (2007)Gao, Y., Muzzio, F., Ierapetritou, M.: Optimizing continuous powder mixing processes using periodic section modeling. Chem. Eng. Sci. 80, 70–80 (2012)Shmulevich, I.: State of the art modeling of soil-tillage interaction using discrete element method. Soil Tillage Res. 111(1), 41–53 (2010)Moon, T., Oh, J.: A study of optimal rock-cutting conditions for hard rock tbm using the discrete element method. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45(5), 837–849 (2012)Makokha, A., Moys, M., Bwalya, M., Kimera, K.: A new approach to optimising the life and performance of worn liners in ball mills: experimental study and DEM simulation. Int. J. Miner. Process. 84(1–4), 221–227 (2007)Balevičius, R., Kačianauskas, R., Mroz, Z., Sielamowicz, I.: Discrete element method applied to multiobjective optimization of discharge flow parameters in hoppers. Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. 31(3), 163–175 (2006)Hu, L.: Gradual deformation and iterative calibration of Gaussian-related stochastic models. Math. Geol. 32(1), 87–108 (2000)Bravo, R., Pérez-Aparicio, J., Laursen, T.: An energy consistent frictional dissipating algorithm for particle contact problems. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 92(9), 753–781 (2012)Belytschko, T., Liu, W., Moran, B.: Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures. Wiley, New York (2000)Beckert, R., Föll, R.: Untersuchung der abwurfverhältnisse an kettenbecherwerken. Förden Heben 1(15), 833–836 (1966)Jaskulski, A.: Engineer-to-order approach to high speed bucket elevator design in a small-enterprise. Appl. Eng. Agric. 24(5), 545–557 (2008)Beverley, G.: Mechanics of High Speed Bucket Elevator Discharge. Ph.D. thesis. University of Newcastle (1986)Beverley, G., Roberts, A., Hayes, J.: Mechanics of high speed elevator discharge. Bulk Solids Handl. 3(4), 853–859 (1983)Korzen, Z., Dudek, K.: Reclaiming with a high-speed bucket wheel with centrifugal discharge. Bulk Solids Handl. 11(3), 615–626 (1991)Bravo, R., Pérez-Aparicio, J., Laursen, T.: An enhanced energy conserving time stepping algorithm for frictionless particle contacts. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 85(11), 1415–1435 (2011)Jaskulski, A.: Methodology of Multi-Criteria Optimization of Appliances for Vertical Grain Transportation. Ph.D. thesis. Warsaw University of Technology (1992

Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Embryonic Stem Cells

There have been many studies on the biological effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on differentiated cells or adult stem cells. However, there has been no systematic study on the effects of SMG on embryonic stem (ES) cells. In this study, we investigated various effects (including cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, cell differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, genomic integrity and DNA damage repair) of SMG on mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. Mouse ES cells cultured under SMG condition had a significantly reduced total cell number compared with cells cultured under 1 g gravity (1G) condition. However, there was no significant difference in cell cycle distribution between SMG and 1G culture conditions, indicating that cell proliferation was not impaired significantly by SMG and was not a major factor contributing to the total cell number reduction. In contrast, a lower adhesion rate cultured under SMG condition contributed to the lower cell number in SMG. Our results also revealed that SMG alone could not induce DNA damage in mES cells while it could affect the repair of radiation-induced DNA lesions of mES cells. Taken together, mES cells were sensitive to SMG and the major alterations in cellular events were cell number expansion, adhesion rate decrease, increased apoptosis and delayed DNA repair progression, which are distinct from the responses of other types of cells to SMG

A chromatin-bound kinase, ERK8, protects genomic integrity by inhibiting HDM2-mediated degradation of the DNA clamp PCNA

ERK8 prevents genome instability by blocking the association of the HDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase with the genome-protecting protein PCNA

Diagnóstico preliminar de perdas de grãos na colheita de soja em Campo Novo do Parecis (MT) na safra 2015/2016.

(Embrapa Soja. Documentos, 372)

Two Estrogen Response Element Sequences Near the PCNA Gene Are Not Responsible for Its Estrogen-Enhanced Expression in MCF7 Cells

The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential component of DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and epigenetic inheritance. High expression of PCNA is associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. The 5'-region of the PCNA gene contains two computationally-detected estrogen response element (ERE) sequences, one of which is evolutionarily conserved. Both of these sequences are of undocumented cis-regulatory function. We recently demonstrated that estradiol (E2) enhances PCNA mRNA expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells. MCF7 cells proliferate in response to E2.Here, we demonstrate that E2 rapidly enhanced PCNA mRNA and protein expression in a process that requires ERalpha as well as de novo protein synthesis. One of the two upstream ERE sequences was specifically bound by ERalpha-containing protein complexes, in vitro, in gel shift analysis. Yet, each ERE sequence, when cloned as a single copy, or when engineered as two tandem copies of the ERE-containing sequence, was not capable of activating a luciferase reporter construct in response to E2. In MCF7 cells, neither ERE-containing genomic region demonstrated E2-dependent recruitment of ERalpha by sensitive ChIP-PCR assays.We conclude that E2 enhances PCNA gene expression by an indirect process and that computational detection of EREs, even when evolutionarily conserved and when near E2-responsive genes, requires biochemical validation

New method of development of the artificial water reservoir bottom map on the basis of archival cartographic materials

W artykule przedstawiono metodę uzyskania cyfrowego modelu wysokościowego, będącego punktem wyjścia dla konstrukcji mapy obrazującej ukształtowanie dna sztucznego zbiornika wodnego na przykładzie Zbiornika Sulejowskiego w Polsce Centralnej. Dane wysokościowe dla konstrukcji tej mapy uzyskano głównie w wyniku interpretacji wszelkiej dostępnej informacji wysokościowej, zarówno bezpośredniej, jak i pośredniej, uzyskanej z archiwalnych opracowań kartograficznych. Dodatkową informację wysokościową uzyskano również z profili sonarowych załączonych do opracowań hydrologicznych zbiornika. W pierwszym przypadku dane wysokościowe skompilowano z rysunku poziomicowego z map topograficznych w skali 1:10 000 (dokumentacja zbiornika) oraz dodatkowej informacji wyinterpretowanej z analizy rozmieszczenia i rodzaju form geomorfologicznych. Drugim problemem, który rozwiązano było ustalenie lokalizacji przestrzennej posiadanych danych sonarowych opierając się o uzyskany wcześniej cyfrowy model wysokościowy. Po procesie scalania oraz późniejszej interpolacji danych, efektem końcowym było wykreślenie mapy ukształtowania dna Zbiornika Sulejowskiego.This article presents a method of generation of the digital elevation model, which is the base for further development of a map that shows the shape of the bottom of the artificial water reservoir. The presented methodology was elaborated using the example of the Sulejów Reservoir in Central Poland. Elevation data for this map was mainly obtained as a result of interpolation of all available direct and indirect information derived from archive cartographic materials. Additional information was also obtained from sonar altitude profiles attached to the reservoir hydrological documentation. In the first case elevation data was compiled from contours on topographic maps at the scale of 1:10 000 (reservoir documentation) and from additional information resulting from the analysis of distribution and types of geomorphological forms. The second objective was to determine spatial locations of sonar data based on the previously obtained digital elevation model. As the final result of data merging and data interpretation the bathymetric map of the Sulejow Reservoir was created

Transformations in morphometry of valley bottom as a result of the creation of a reservoir illustrated with the example of Sulejów Lake

The authors have undertaken the development of DEM based on the archived materials from the time when the area of present Sulejów Lake was not an artificial water reservoir. The source materials used were Area Map of Administrative Districts in the scale of 1:25,000 from 1961 and a 1:1,000 documental map attached to the study Sulejowski Reservoir – study of sedimentation and updating of depth. The effect of this work was the creation of a Digital Geomorphological Model of the area that presently does not exist. In the second stage of works a bottom model of Sulejów Lake was made based on data gathered during echo sounding research conducted in 2008 by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, which comprises 36 profiles. Both models were then compared with tools available in the ArcGis program by ESRI. The analysis revealed differences resulting from processes that occurred during the construction and 40 years of existence of the reservoir

Transformations in morphometry of valley bottom as a result of the creation of a reservoir illustrated with the example of Sulejów Lake

The authors have undertaken the development of DEM based on the archived materials from the time when the area of present Sulejów Lake was not an artificial water reservoir. The source materials used were Area Map of Administrative Districts in the scale of 1:25,000 from 1961 and a 1:1,000 documental map attached to the study Sulejowski Reservoir – study of sedimentation and updating of depth. The effect of this work was the creation of a Digital Geomorphological Model of the area that presently does not exist. In the second stage of works a bottom model of Sulejów Lake was made based on data gathered during echo sounding research conducted in 2008 by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, which comprises 36 profiles. Both models were then compared with tools available in the ArcGis program by ESRI. The analysis revealed differences resulting from processes that occurred during the construction and 40 years of existence of the reservoir