Textile and Clothing Safeguards: from the ATC to the Future

The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing established the textile and clothing safeguards regime from 1995 to 2004. The current safeguards regime for these products is defined in terms of the Agreement on Safeguards, the China Textile Safeguards, and the China Product-specific Safeguards. This article examines each of these three current safeguard options and assesses them in terms of a number of relevant dimensions. It also reviews safeguard actions to date to provide a sense of continued managed trade in this area.managed trade, protectionism, safeguards, textiles and clothing, International Relations/Trade,

On the Comparison of Flow Physics between Minimal and Extended Flow Units in Turbulent Channels

Direct numerical simulations were performed to study the effects of the domain size of a minimal flow unit (MFU) and its inherent periodic boundary conditions on flow physics of a turbulent channel flow in a range of 200 ≤ Reτ ≤ 1000. This was accomplished by comparing turbulent statistics with those computed in sub-domains (SD) of extended domain simulations. The dimensions of the MFU and SD were matched, and SD dynamics were set to minimize artificial periodicities. Streamwise and spanwise dimensions of healthy MFUs were found to increase linearly with Reynolds number. It was also found that both MFU and SD statistics and dynamics were healthy and in good agreement. This suggests that healthy MFU dynamics represent extended-domain dynamics well up to Reτ= 1000, indicating a nearly negligible effect of periodic conditions on MFUs. However, there was a small deviation within the buffer layer for the MFU at Reτ= 200, which manifested in an increased mean velocity and a tail in the Q2 quadrant of the u’-v’ plane. Thus, it should be noted that when considering an MFU domain size, stricter criteria may need to be put in place to ensure healthy turbulent dynamics

Validity and reliability of the single camera marker less motion capture system using RGB-D sensor to measure shoulder range-of-motion : A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Peer reviewe

Optical spectroscopic investigation on the coupling of electronic and magnetic structure in multiferroic hexagonal RMnO3 (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) thin films

We investigated the effects of temperature and magnetic field on the electronic structure of hexagonal RMnO3 (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) thin films using optical spectroscopy. As the magnetic ordering of the system was disturbed, a systematic change in the electronic structure was commonly identified in this series. The optical absorption peak near 1.7 eV showed an unexpectedly large shift of more than 150 meV from 300 K to 15 K, accompanied by an anomaly of the shift at the Neel temperature. The magnetic field dependent measurement clearly revealed a sizable shift of the corresponding peak when a high magnetic field was applied. Our findings indicated strong coupling between the magnetic ordering and the electronic structure in the multiferroic hexagonal RMnO3 compounds.Comment: 16 pages including 4 figure

Direct numerical simulation of a 30R long turbulent pipe flow at Re=3008

A direct numerical simulation of a turbulent pipe flow at a high Reynolds number of Re-tau = 3008 over a long axial domain length (30R) was performed. The stream-wise mean velocity followed the power law in the overlap region (y(+) = 90-300; y/R = 0.03-0.1) based on the power law indicator function. The scale separation of the Reynolds shear stresses into two components of small-and large-scale motions (LSMs) revealed that the LSMs in the outer region played an important role in constructing the constant-stress layer and the mean velocity. In the pre-multiplied energy spectra of the streamwise velocity fluctuations, the bimodal distribution was observed at both short and long wavelengths. The k(x)(-1) region associated with the attached eddies appeared in lambda(x)/R = 2-5 and lambda(x)/y = 18-160 at y(+) = 90-300, where the power law was established in the same region. The k(z)(-1) region also appeared in lambda(z)/R = 0.3-0.6 at y(+) = 3 and 150. Linear growth of small-scale energy to large-scale energy induced the k(x)(-1) region at high Reynolds numbers, resulting in a large population of the LSMs. This result supported the origin of very-large-scale motions in the pseudo-streamwise alignment of the LSMs. In the pre-multiplied energy spectra of the Reynolds shear stress, the bimodal distribution was observed without the k(x)(-1) region.open

Ejection of Double knots from the radio core of PKS 1510--089 during the strong gamma-ray flares in 2015

PKS 1510--089 is a bright and active $\gamma$-ray source that showed strong and complex $\gamma$-ray flares in mid-2015 during which the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov telescopes detected variable very high energy (VHE; photon energies $>$100 GeV) emission. We present long-term multi-frequency radio, optical, and $\gamma$-ray light curves of PKS 1510--089 from 2013 to 2018, and results of an analysis of the jet kinematics and linear polarization using 43 GHz Very Long Baseline Array data observed between late 2015 and mid-2017. We find that a strong radio flare trails the $\gamma$-ray flares in 2015, showing an optically thick spectrum at the beginning and becoming optically thin over time. Two laterally separated knots of emission are observed to emerge from the radio core nearly simultaneously during the $\gamma$-ray flares. We detect an edge-brightened linear polarization near the core in the active jet state in 2016, similar to the quiescent jet state in 2008--2013. These observations indicate that the $\gamma$-ray flares may originate from compression of the knots by a standing shock in the core and the jet might consist of multiple complex layers showing time-dependent behavior, rather than of a simple structure of a fast jet spine and a slow jet sheath.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, To appear in Ap

LSTM-based Anomaly Detection for Non-linear Dynamical System

Anomaly detection for non-linear dynamical system plays an important role in ensuring the system stability. However, it is usually complex and has to be solved by large-scale simulation which requires extensive computing resources. In this paper, we propose a novel anomaly detection scheme in non-linear dynamical system based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to capture complex temporal changes of the time sequence and make multi-step predictions. Specifically, we first present the framework of LSTM-based anomaly detection in non-linear dynamical system, including data preprocessing, multi-step prediction and anomaly detection. According to the prediction requirement, two types of training modes are explored in multi-step prediction, where samples in a wall shear stress dataset are collected by an adaptive sliding window. On the basis of the multi-step prediction result, a Local Average with Adaptive Parameters (LAAP) algorithm is proposed to extract local numerical features of the time sequence and estimate the upcoming anomaly. The experimental results show that our proposed multi-step prediction method can achieve a higher prediction accuracy than traditional method in wall shear stress dataset, and the LAAP algorithm performs better than the absolute value-based method in anomaly detection task.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure