995 research outputs found
Fungus Flora of Panicum virgatum L.
The pathogenic fungi collected on Panicum virgatum in Iowa included Elsinoe sp., Phyllachora graminis, Colletotrichum graminicola, Selenophoma donacis, Puccinia panici, Tilletia maclagani, and Uromyces graminicola. Those which were saprophytic or of doubtful pathogenicity included Ophiobolus herpotrichus, Leptosphaeria microscopica, Mycosphaerella recutita, Phaeoseptoria elymi, and Phaeoseptoria festucae. Reported for the first time on Panicum virgatum are Elsinoe sp., Ophiobolus herpotrichus, Leptosphaeria microscopica, Mycosphaerella recutita, Phaeoseptoria elymi, and P. festucae. This is the initial report of Colletotrichum graminicola and Selenophoma donacis in Iowa on this host
Ambipolar Graphene Field Effect Transistors by Local Metal Side Gates
We demonstrate ambipolar graphene field effect transistors individually
controlled by local metal side gates. The side gated field effect can have
on/off ratio comparable with that of the global back gate, and can be tuned in
a large range by the back gate and/or a second side gate. We also find that the
side gated field effect is significantly stronger by electrically floating the
back gate compared to grounding the back gate, consistent with the finding from
electrostatic simulation.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Synthetic Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition on Copper Foils
The discovery of graphene, a single layer of covalently bonded carbon atoms,
has attracted intense interests. Initial studies using mechanically exfoliated
graphene unveiled its remarkable electronic, mechanical and thermal properties.
There has been a growing need and rapid development in large-area deposition of
graphene film and its applications. Chemical vapour deposition on copper has
emerged as one of the most promising methods in obtaining large-scale graphene
films with quality comparable to exfoliated graphene. In this chapter, we
review the synthesis and characterizations of graphene grown on copper foil
substrates by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition. We also discuss
potential applications of such large scale synthetic graphene.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figure
Predilection Muscles and Physical Condition of Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) Experimentally Infected with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa
The predilection muscles of Trichinella spiralis and T. nativa were studied in 2 experimental groups of 6 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), the third group serving as a control for clinical signs. The infection dose for both parasites was 1 larva/g body weight. After 12 weeks, the animals were euthanized and 13 sampling sites were analysed by the digestion method. Larvae were found in all sampled skeleton muscles of the infected animals, but not in the specimens from the heart or intestinal musculature. Both parasite species reproduced equally well in the raccoon dog. The median density of infection in positive tissues was 353 larvae per gram (lpg) with T. spiralis and 343 lpg with T. nativa. All the infected animals had the highest larvae numbers in the carpal flexors (M. flexor carpi ulnaris). Also tongue and eye muscles had high infection levels. There were no significant differences in the predilection sites between these 2 parasite species. Trichinellosis increased the relative amount of fat, but not the body weight in the captive raccoon dogs. Thus, Trichinella as a muscle parasite might have catabolic effect on these animals
Measles Virus Replication in Cells of Myelomonocytic Lineage Is Dependent on Cellular Differentiation Stage
AbstractMeasles virus (MV)-infected monocytes may have a central role in virus-induced immunosuppression. Our understanding of MV replication in monocytic cells is, however, incomplete. In this work we have investigated MV replication in cells of human myelomonocytic lineage with different maturation stages in order to study the effect of cellular maturation on virus infection. MV was able to infect human bone marrow myeloid granulocyteâmacrophage colony-forming cells (CFC-GM) as well as monocytes and macrophages, but the replication cycle seemed to be regulated by the maturation stage of the cells. Virus infection in CFC-GM was productive, unlike in monocytes and macrophages, where an extensive viral RNA synthesis occurred and high amounts of proteins were synthesised without a remarkable release of infectious virus. Efficiency of viral macromolecular synthesis in macrophages was comparable to that of promonocytic cell line U-937 and human epithelial cell line A549, but in contrast to macrophages the cell lines highly supported productive infection. On the other hand, chemically induced maturation of the human promyelocytic and promonocytic cell lines HL-60, THP-1, and U-937 to more mature macrophage-like forms did not markedly alter the replication cycle of MV in these cell lines. Our results showed that MV replication in myelomonocytic cells varied depending on the maturation stage of the cells. The immature myelomonocytic cells supported productive virus infection, but the maturation process lead to cellular changes that caused a restriction of MV replication cycle partly at posttranscriptional and partly at posttranslational level. The metabolic milieu of monocytes and macrophages as such was sufficient to support extensive viral macromolecular synthesis
Novel Ex Vivo DOAC Removal Methods Reduce Interference in Lupus Anticoagulant Testing
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) interfere in laboratory coagulation testing. The aim here was to study how commercial DOAC removal methods, DOAC FilterÂź and DOAC-Stopâą, perform to eliminate DOAC concentrations and false positive results in lupus anticoagulant (LAC) testing. We acquired 50 patient samples with high concentrations of DOACs: apixaban (n = 18, range 68â572 ng/mL), dabigatran (n = 8, range 47â154 ng/mL), edoxaban (n = 8, range 35â580 ng/mL) and rivaroxaban (n = 16, range 69â285 ng/mL). DOACs were removed ex vivo with either DOAC FilterÂź (n = 28) or DOAC-Stopâą (n = 22). Additionally, commercial control and calibrator samples were studied (n = 13 for DOAC FilterÂź, n = 14 for DOAC-Stopâą). LAC screening was performed before and after DOAC removal. Both DOAC FilterÂź and DOAC-Stopâą were effective in removing DOAC concentrations in samples: DOAC concentrations decreased to median of 0 ng/mL (range 0â48 ng/mL). Only one sample had more than residual 25 ng/mL of DOAC (apixaban). Before DOAC removal, 96% (48/50) of patient samples and over 90% (12/13 DOAC FilterÂź, 13/14 DOAC-Stopâą) of control/calibrator samples were positive in the LAC screening. In patient samples, LAC screening turned negative in 61% (17/28) after DOAC FilterÂź and 45% (10/22) after DOAC-Stopâą treatment. All control samples became negative after DOAC removal. In conclusion, DOAC removal ex vivo reduces false positives in LAC screening. DOAC removal halved the need for confirmation or mixing tests- Although a subset of patients would require further testing, DOAC removal reduces unnecessary repeated LAC testing
A TV-Gaussian prior for infinite-dimensional Bayesian inverse problems and its numerical implementations
Many scientific and engineering problems require to perform Bayesian
inferences in function spaces, in which the unknowns are of infinite dimension.
In such problems, choosing an appropriate prior distribution is an important
task. In particular we consider problems where the function to infer is subject
to sharp jumps which render the commonly used Gaussian measures unsuitable. On
the other hand, the so-called total variation (TV) prior can only be defined in
a finite dimensional setting, and does not lead to a well-defined posterior
measure in function spaces. In this work we present a TV-Gaussian (TG) prior to
address such problems, where the TV term is used to detect sharp jumps of the
function, and the Gaussian distribution is used as a reference measure so that
it results in a well-defined posterior measure in the function space. We also
present an efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to draw samples
from the posterior distribution of the TG prior. With numerical examples we
demonstrate the performance of the TG prior and the efficiency of the proposed
MCMC algorithm
The tumor suppressor CIC directly regulates MAPK pathway genes via histone deacetylation
Abstract
Oligodendrogliomas are brain tumors accounting for approximately 10% of all central nervous system cancers. CIC is a transcription factor that is mutated in most patients with oligodendrogliomas; these mutations are believed to be a key oncogenic event in such cancers. Analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster ortholog of CIC, Capicua, indicates that CIC loss phenocopies activation of the EGFR/RAS/MAPK pathway, and studies in mammalian cells have demonstrated a role for CIC in repressing the transcription of the PEA3 subfamily of ETS transcription factors. Here, we address the mechanism by which CIC represses transcription and assess the functional consequences of CIC inactivation. Genome-wide binding patterns of CIC in several cell types revealed that CIC target genes were enriched for MAPK effector genes involved in cell-cycle regulation and proliferation. CIC binding to target genes was abolished by high MAPK activity, which led to their transcriptional activation. CIC interacted with the SIN3 deacetylation complex and, based on our results, we suggest that CIC functions as a transcriptional repressor through the recruitment of histone deacetylases. Independent single amino acid substitutions found in oligodendrogliomas prevented CIC from binding its target genes. Taken together, our results show that CIC is a transcriptional repressor of genes regulated by MAPK signaling, and that ablation of CIC function leads to increased histone acetylation levels and transcription at these genes, ultimately fueling mitogen-independent tumor growth.
Significance: Inactivation of CIC inhibits its direct repression of MAPK pathway genes, leading to their increased expression and mitogen-independent growth.
Graphical Abstract:âhttp://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/15/4114/F1.large.jpg. Cancer Res; 78(15); 4114â25. ©2018 AACR.</jats:p
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