Isolated minimizers and proper efficiency for C0,1 constrained vector optimization problems.

We consider the vector optimization problem min(C) f (x), g(x) is an element of - K, where f:R-n -> R-m and g: R-n -> R-p are C-0,C-1 (i.e. locally Lipschitz) functions and C subset of R-m and K subset of R-p are closed convex cones. We give several notions of solution (efficiency concepts), among them the notion of properly efficient point (p-minimizer) of order k and the notion of isolated minimizer of order k. We show that each isolated minimizer of order k >= 1 is a p-minimizer of order k. The possible reversal of this statement in the case k = 1 is studied through first order necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of Dim derivatives. Observing that the optimality conditions for the constrained problem coincide with those for a suitable unconstrained problem, we introduce sense I solutions (those of the initial constrained problem) and sense II solutions (those of the unconstrained problem). Further, we obtain relations between sense I and sense II isolated minimizers and p-minimizers

Corrigendum: The silent epidemic of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in italy during the covid-19 pandemic in 2020(Front. Endocrinol., (2022), 13, (878634), 10.3389/fendo.2022.878634)

[This corrects the article .]

A Multicenter Retrospective Survey regarding Diabetic Ketoacidosis Management in Italian Children with Type 1 Diabetes

We conducted a retrospective survey in pediatric centers belonging to the Italian Society for Pediatric Diabetology and Endocrinology. The following data were collected for all new-onset diabetes patients aged 0-18 years: DKA (pH < 7.30), severe DKA (pH < 7.1), DKA in preschool children, DKA treatment according to ISPAD protocol, type of rehydrating solution used, bicarbonates use, and amount of insulin infused. Records (n = 2453) of children with newly diagnosed diabetes were collected from 68/77 centers (87%), 39 of which are tertiary referral centers, the majority of whom (n = 1536, 89.4%) were diagnosed in the tertiary referral centers. DKA was observed in 38.5% and severe DKA in 10.3%. Considering preschool children, DKA was observed in 72%, and severe DKA in 16.7%. Cerebral edema following DKA treatment was observed in 5 (0.5%). DKA treatment according to ISPAD guidelines was adopted in 68% of the centers. In the first 2 hours, rehydration was started with normal saline in all centers, but with different amount. Bicarbonate was quite never been used. Insulin was infused starting from third hour at the rate of 0.05-0.1 U/kg/h in 72% of centers. Despite prevention campaign, DKA is still observed in Italian children at onset, with significant variability in DKA treatment, underlying the need to share guidelines among centers

The Silent Epidemic of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents in Italy During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020

To compare the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 with the frequency of DKA during 2017-2019