Distinct H3F3A and H3F3B driver mutations define chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor of bone

It is recognized that some mutated cancer genes contribute to the development of many cancer types, whereas others are cancer type specific. For genes that are mutated in multiple cancer classes, mutations are usually similar in the different affected cancer types. Here, however, we report exquisite tumor type specificity for different histone H3.3 driver alterations. In 73 of 77 cases of chondroblastoma (95%), we found p.Lys36Met alterations predominantly encoded in H3F3B, which is one of two genes for histone H3.3. In contrast, in 92% (49/53) of giant cell tumors of bone, we found histone H3.3 alterations exclusively in H3F3A, leading to p.Gly34Trp or, in one case, p.Gly34Leu alterations. The mutations were restricted to the stromal cell population and were not detected in osteoclasts or their precursors. In the context of previously reported H3F3A mutations encoding p.Lys27Met and p.Gly34Arg or p.Gly34Val alterations in childhood brain tumors, a remarkable picture of tumor type specificity for histone H3.3 driver alterations emerges, indicating that histone H3.3 residues, mutations and genes have distinct functions

Decision-making, cognitive distortions and alcohol use in adolescent problem and non-problem gamblers: an experimental study

In the psychological literature, many studies have investigated the neuropsychological and behavioral changes that occur developmentally during adolescence. These studies have consistently observed a deficit in the decision-making ability of children and adolescents. This deficit has been ascribed to incomplete brain development. The same deficit has also been observed in adult problem and pathological gamblers. However, to date, no study has examined decision-making in adolescents with and without gambling problems. Furthermore, no study has ever examined associations between problem gambling, decision-making, cognitive distortions and alcohol use in youth. To address these issues, 104 male adolescents participated in this study. They were equally divided in two groups, problem gamblers and non-problem gamblers, based on South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents scores. All participants performed the Iowa Gambling Task and completed the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Adolescent problem gamblers displayed impaired decision-making, reported high cognitive distortions, and had more problematic alcohol use compared to non-problem gamblers. Strong correlations between problem gambling, alcohol use, and cognitive distortions were observed. Decision-making correlated with interpretative bias. This study demonstrated that adolescent problem gamblers appear to have the same psychological profile as adult problem gamblers and that gambling involvement can negatively impact on decision-making ability that, in adolescence, is still developing. The correlations between interpretative bias and decision-making suggested that the beliefs in the ability to influence gambling outcomes may facilitate decision-making impairment

Data for: Experience-Based and Demographic Predictors of Evacuation Decisions in Hurricanes Harvey and Irma

Experience-Based and Demographic Predictors of Evacuation Decisions in Hurricanes Harvey and Irm

Young people and children

Why do we need to distinguish between young people and children? Does the law make such a distinction and does it stick to it? The focus of this chapter is on the circumstances and conditions that serve to distinguish the young person as a particular focus of legal attention and the ways in which the legal system governs young people

The child, the young person and the law

Why do we need to distinguish between young people and children? Does the law make such a distinction and does it stick to it? The focus of this chapter is on the circumstances and conditions that serve to distinguish the young person as a particular focus of legal attention and the ways in which the legal system governs young people. The legal status of young people, and the lawfulness of activities they engage in, depends upon how the legal system conceptualises, and in turn categorises, 'young people'. We argue that young people. occupy an awkward social and legal space, in which they can variously. be characterised as children and in need of legal protection or as adults with legal responsibilities. By contrast, legal and non-legal understandings of what it is to be a child, and the child's place within the legal system, are not quite so ambiguous. In the last 20 or so years there has been a theoretical reorientation in sociological and psychological research towards examining the 'perspective of children ... as subjects who construct their own consciousness and life trajectories' rather than being understood through a prism of social and psychological dependency.l Despite this trend in the 'psy' sciences, children are still generally thought of as socially and physically immature. As a result, they are extended a certain legal, as well as social, indulgence. The flip-side of our adult obligation to protect and nurture children is their exemption from the legal and social responsibilities of adulthood