36 research outputs found

    Challenges and opportunities confronting female-headed households in Iran: a qualitative study

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    BACKGROUND: Female-headed households are one of the most vulnerable groups of society that confront many problems and challenges. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the challenges and opportunities confronting female-headed households in Iran. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted among female-headed households in Kermanshah, West of Iran, in 2019. The data were collected through Semi-structured interviews with 26 female-headed households who were selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data analysis was done through conventional qualitative content analysis, and the software MAXQDA-12 was used for the management of data. The four criteria of Goba and Lincon, including credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability, were observed to evaluate the quality of research results. RESULTS: After analyzing the data, 4 main categories and 13 subcategories were obtained as follows: individual problems (role overload, role conflict, end of love, psychological problems), intra-family problems (declined independence, intra-family tension, poverty reproduction and family disability), social problems (stigma of being unattended, social insecurity, social isolation, social exclusion), positive outcomes (positive self-concept, social maturity). CONCLUSION: Female-headed households face many challenges that can become a big threat or an opportunity. Therefore, their health improvement can be achieved through training and helping them to adapt to new and multifaceted roles, providing more economic support and helping them raise their social status

    Experiences and challenges of Prostitute Women in Iran: A phenomenological qualitative study

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    Background: Prostitutes in Iran are faced with many challenges and problems that pose risks to their health. Objective: The present study is an attempt to identify and narrate the challenges and experiences of Iranian prostitutes based on a qualitative approach. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted with a phenomenological approach in (2018) in Tehran, Iran. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 prostitutes who were selected using a snowball sampling method and analyzed with Colaizzi's method. In order to examine the quality of findings, Guba and Lincoln's measures were used. Results: Data analysis results were classified into five main categories and 14 subcategories. The main issues are: The experience of violence, Heath risk, social ostracism, objectifying, and lack of social and legal supporting structures. Conclusion: Prostitutes in Iran experience numerous problems at personal and social levels. By providing social, economic, and legal supports for them such as social services (e.g. educations on how to use contraceptives, how to have safe sexual intercourse, and free counseling services for mental support), we can improve their health and welfare. © 2020 The Author(s

    Experimental investigation of thermal balance of a turbocharged SI engine operating on natural gas

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    This paper experimentally investigates the thermal balance and performance of a turbocharged gas spark ignition engine. The First Law of Thermodynamics was used for control volume around the engine to compute the output power, transferred energy to the cooling fluid, exhaust gases and also unaccounted losses through convection and radiation heat transfer. Thermal balance tests were performed for various operational conditions including full and half loads and different cooling fluid temperatures. Results indicate that by increasing engine load and coolant temperature, the percentage of transferred energy to the exhaust gases increased while the percentage of coolant energy decreased. Also, experimental data reveals that using gaseous fuel and a turbocharger (TC) in the engine leads to 4.5% and 4% more thermal efficiency than gasoline and natural aspirated (NA), respectively. Also, second law analysis reveals that using a turbocharger leads to a 3.6% increase in exergetic efficiency of the engine, averagely. Based on experimental results, an empirical correlation was suggested for computing the energy of exhaust gases which shows good agreement with the experimental data for the majority of operating conditions

    Towards fossil-free fuels in sustainable powertrain; alcohol-fueled low-temperature combustion (LTC)

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    Abstract Low-temperature combustion (LTC) engines are able toreduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, simultaneously. LTC engines suffer from higher amounts of unburned hydrocarbon (uHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, particularly in low-load operating conditions of the engine. The existence of oxygen molecules in the alcohol fuels not only results in more combustion completeness but also leads to lower CO and uHC emissions

    INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ADDITIVES TO NATURAL GAS ON HEAVY-DUTY SI ENGINE COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS

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    This work investigates the implications of natural-gas composition on the combustion in a heavy-duty natural-gas engine and on the associated pollutant emissions. Natural gas is injected in ports and mixes with air before entering the cylinder. For the ignition source, both a spark plug and diesel pilot, which is injected before the top-dead center in the cylinder, are used. The effect of additives such as hydrogen, ethane and nitrogen on the output power and efficiency of the engine and emission levels are examined. The results indicate that these additives had no significant effect on the engine’s power or fuel consumption. Emissions of unburned fuel are reduced for all additives through either enhanced ignition or combustion processes. Adding ethane and H2 to the fuel increases the in-cylinder pressure and NOx emission, while fuel dilution with N2 has a critical amount. Black carbon particulate matter emissions are increased by ethane, but are virtually eliminated by including nitrogen or hydrogen in the fuel. The results show the higher flame speed of ethane compared to hydrogen, and hydrogen compared to methane. Thus, to reach the MBT condition, the spark time of ethane is the most retarded one and for methane it is the most advanced
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