Responses of sub-Saharan smallholders to climate change: Strategies and drivers of adaptation

Rural farm households in sub-Saharan Africa are vulnerable to climate variability due to their limited adaptive capacity. This paper explores how adaptation strategies are adopted by small-holders in sub-Saharan Africa as a function of their adaptive capacity. The latter is characterised by five types of capital: natural, physical, financial, human, and social. We use responses from farm households in sub-Saharan Africa dating from 1536 obtained by Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). This data provides information on the adoption of adaptation practices during the study period as well as information with which we develop indicators for the five types of capital. The results suggest that all the five types of capital positively influence adoption of adaptation practices. Human and social capital both displayed a positive and significant effect on the uptake of most adaptation practices. This finding suggests that the effect of less tangible kinds of capital such as knowledge, individual perceptions, farmers networks and access to information may be stronger than normally assumed. Directing more development policies towards enhancing human and social capital may therefore be more cost-effective than further investments into physical and financial capital, and could help in overcoming social barriers to adaptation to climate change. (c) 2018 Elsevier LtdMarc B. Neumann acknowledges financial support from the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (no. RYC-2013-13628 )

Determinación del hábitat potencialmente utilizable por la especie Salmo trutta en un tramo del río Lozoya, España

En el presente trabajo se efectua la estimacion del habitat potencialrnente utilizable (HPU) y del caudal que lo maximiza para los estadios de vida adulto, juvenil, alevin y freza de la especie Salmo trutta (trucha comun), especie muy apreciada en la pesca deportiva y para el consumo humane Para tal fin, de acuerdo con la Metodologia IFIM (Instream Flow Incremental Methodology), se efectuo la simulacion del habitat fisico fluvial de un tramo de 609 m del rio Lozoya (Madrid, Espana) utilizando un modelo bidimensional de la hidrodinamica, un modelo para la simulacion del habitat y los modelos de preferencia de habitat de la especie antes mencionada. Los modelos fueron alimentados con informacion hidraulica, geomorfologica, biologica y de caracteristicas especificas del habitat obtenidas en campo. Los valores del habitat potencialrnente utilizable (HPU) obtenidos para los cuatro estadios de desarrollo de la especie Salmo trutta permitieron determinar que el caudal de 1.97 m3/s maximiza el HPU para sus estadios de vida adulto, juvenil y freza, y que el caudal de 1.08 m3/s maximiza el habitat potencialrnente utilizable para su estadio de desarrollo alevin. Las curvas caudal-habitat potencialrnente utilizable obtenidas en el presente trabajo constituyen informacion valiosa para los usuarios y los gestores de los recursos fluviales del rio Lozoya, con miras a establecer un regimen de caudales ecologicos que permita conservar el ecosistema correspondiente y, en caso necesario, evaluar los impactos relacionados con posibles modificaciones del regimen de caudales

Treatment of congenital atypical haemangiosarcoma in a foal

Haemangiosarcoma is a rare vascular tumour in horses, usually originating from blood vessel endothelial cells. We present the case of an 8-day-old foal, referred for an atypical large subcutaneous mass on the left side since birth. Ultrasonographically, it showed multiple cavities with hypoechoic content, marked vascularisation and fluid movement between cavities. As the nature of the mass suggested that surgery could result in profuse bleeding, we decided to perform an initial arteriography to identify the pattern and calibre of the main vessels and embolisation of this vascular supply, which allowed surgical removal with less bleeding than expected. This approach, with pre-surgical transarterial embolisation of the tumour, is not commonly used in equine surgery. Histology established a diagnosis of cutaneous haemangiosarcoma. During 1-year post-surgery, clinical and ultrasound examinations were carried out without any signs of recurrence or metastasis. One year later, the foal was euthanised due to a limb fracture. No macroscopic signs of metastasis were observed at necropsy. Histology showed no signs of recurrence. Cutaneous haemangiosarcomas, though rare, should be included in the differential of masses and growths with compatible ultrasound or cytological findings. Transcatheter arterial embolisation of highly vascularised neoplasms can reduce bleeding and facilitate subsequent surgical resection

Sex differences in ochratoxin a toxicity in F344 rats after 7 and 21 days of daily oral administration

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in male rats but not in females. The mechanisms underlying these differences are unknown. The sex-dependent response of F344 rats after a repeated OTA oral administration for 7 (0.50 mg/kg bw) or 21 days (0.21 and 0.50 mg/kg bw) was evaluated. General toxicity, sex and thyroid hormones and histopathology were studied. OTA was quantified (HPLC-FLD) in plasma, kidney and liver and the expression of kidney transporters (RT-qPCR) was studied. After 7 days, kidney histopathology showed more pronounced signs of toxicity in males than in females. After 21 days, a higher toxicity was observed but sex differences disappeared. OTA concentration in plasma and tissues was similar in both sexes. Downregulation was the general OTA-induced effect. Oats' downregulation was slow in males and Oat3 did not change in females. Oatp1 was strongly downregulated in males after 21 days. An opposite effect was observed in Bcrp after 21 days: downregulation in males and upregulation in females. Females showed a dose- and time-dependent decrease of progesterone. Despite the sex differences, the final balance in OTA toxicokinetics at renal cell level does not seem to support a higher accumulation of OTA in male kidneys

Assessing food sustainable intensification potential of agroforestry using a carbon balance method

Food security, climate change mitigation, and land use challenges are interlinked and need to be considered simultaneously. One possible solution is sustainable intensification, which is the practice of increasing food production per area of land whilst also reducing the environmental impacts associated with this. Agroforestry has been stated to be a practice that meets this definition. In this study, a new methodology is presented to assess the potential of different management options as sustainable intensification practices. The methodology is based on comparing the carbon emissions associated with the production of food and the carbon sequestered for that same activity for a particular quantity of food produced over a specific area and over a specific time. The resulting indicator, the “carbon balance” is the difference between the greenhouse gasses emitted (considered as negative values) and carbon sequestered (positive values) estimated in Mg CO2eq per Mg of food produced on one hectare of land for one year. The carbon balance quantifies the global warming potential associated with sustainable intensification by integrating a process-based model with life cycle analysis and is able to estimate above- and below-ground biomass and soil carbon content. This methodology is tested in Portugal for wheat production under crop monoculture and agroforestry systems. The results show agroforestry to be a suitable practice for sustainable intensification compared to a crop monoculture as it just slightly decreased wheat yields whilst providing a positive carbon balance from year 50 onwards of approximately 1 Mg of CO2eq sequestered per Mg of wheat produced

Dry deposition of air pollutants on trees at regional scale: A case study in the Basque Country

There is increased interest in the role of trees to reduce air pollution and thereby improve human health and well-being. This study determined the removal of air pollutants by dry deposition of trees across the Basque Country and estimated its annual economic value. A model that calculates the hourly dry deposition of NO2, O3, SO2, CO and PM10 on trees at a 1 km x 1 km resolution at a regional scale was developed. The calculated mean annual rates of removal of air pollution across various land uses were 12.9 kg O3 ha-1, 12.7 kg PM10 ha-1, 3.0 kg NO2 ha-1, 0.8 kg SO2 ha-1 and 0.2 kg CO ha-1. The results were then categorised according to land use in order to determine how much each land use category contributed to reducing air pollution and to determine to what extent trees provided pollution reduction benefits to society. Despite not being located in the areas of highest pollutions, coniferous forests, which cover 25% of the land, were calculated to absorb 21% of the air pollution. Compared to other land uses, coniferous forests were particularly effective in removing air pollution because of their high tree cover density and the duration of leaf life-span. The total economic value provided by the trees in reducing these pollutants in terms of health benefits was estimated to be 60 million yr-1 which represented around 0.09% of the Gross Domestic Product of the Basque Country in 2016. Whilst most health impacts from air pollution are in urban areas the results indicate that most air pollution is removed in rural areas. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.Silvestre García de Jalón, Jorge Curiel Yuste and Aline Chiabai acknowledge support from the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 program and from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the BC3 María de Maeztu excellence accreditation ( MDM-2017-0714

Exposure to green areas: modelling health benefits in a context of study heterogeneity

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this record Although the beneficial health effects of green areas are gaining recognition, epidemiological studies show mixed results with significance varying considerably by study and context, indicating that there is no unique and clear evidence. This relationship is influenced by multiple factors and characterised by high complexity not previously been incorporated in one single analysis. This study proposes a new application of the Heckman selection model to find evidence of key patterns emerging throughout the literature and identify main determinants affecting the relationship. The model aggregates outcomes of different studies and allows an assessment of both significant and non-significant results from the literature in order to correct for unobserved selection bias. Close attention is paid to the relevance of the background, particularly socioeconomic context. The results show significant health benefits associated with increased exposure to green areas, where higher risk reductions are observed for old and adult age groups, as well as in poorer countries, taking into account the correction for the publication bias. This last issue points towards a redistributive impact of green areas in terms of health and the importance of co-benefits arising from Ecosystem-based Adaptation, especially in poorer neighbourhoods, translating in health care savings and reduced productivity loss.European Commissio

Modelling tree density effects on provisioning ecosystem services in Europe

Agroforestry systems, in which trees are integrated in arable or pasture land, can be used to enable sustainable food, material, and energy production (i.e. provide provisioning ecosystem services) whilst reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with farming. However, one constraint on the uptake of agroforestry in Europe is a lack of knowledge on how specific agroforestry designs affect productivity. A process-based biophysical model, called Yield-SAFE, was used: (1) to quantify the food, material and biomass energy production of four contrasting case study systems in Europe in a common energy unit (MJ ha−1), and (2) to quantify how tree density determined the supply of provisioning ecosystem services. The Yield-SAFE model was calibrated so that simulated tree and crop growth fitted observed growth data for reference monoculture forestry, pasture, and arable systems. The modelled results showed that including trees in pasture or arable systems increased the overall accumulated energy of the system in comparison with monoculture forestry, pasture, and arable systems, but that the accumulated energy per tree was reduced as tree density increased. The greatest accumulated energy occurred in the highest tree density agroforestry system at all the case study sites. This suggests that the capture of environmental resources, such as light and water, for obtaining provisioning services is most effective in high density agroforestry systems. Further modelling should include tree canopy effects on micro-climatic and the impact this has on pasture, crop, and livestock yields, as well as the impact of tree density on the economic value and management of the different systems

Simulation model for the study of overhead rail current collector systems dynamics, focused on the design of a new conductor rail

Overhead rigid conductor arrangements for current collection for railway traction have some advantages compared to other, more conventional, energy supply systems. They are simple, robust and easily maintained, not to mention their flexibility as to the required height for installation, which makes them particularly suitable for use in subway infrastructures. Nevertheless, due to the increasing speeds of new vehicles running on modern subway lines, a more efficient design is required for this kind of system. In this paper, the authors present a dynamic analysis of overhead conductor rail systems focused on the design of a new conductor profile with a dynamic behaviour superior to that of the system currently in use. This means that either an increase in running speed can be attained, which at present does not exceed 110 km/h, or an increase in the distance between the rigid catenary supports with the ensuing saving in installation costs. This study has been carried out using simulation techniques. The ANSYS programme has been used for the finite element modelling and the SIMPACK programme for the elastic multibody systems analysis