Estimación de parámetros de estructura de nogales utilizando láser escáner terrestre

[EN] Juglans regia L. (walnut) is a tree of significant economic importance, usually cultivated for its seed used in the food market, and for its wood used in the furniture industry. The aim of this work was to develop regression models to predict crown parameters for walnut trees using a terrestrial laser scanner. A set of 30 trees was selected and the total height, crown height and crown diameter were measured in the field. The trees were also measured by a laser scanner and algorithms were applied to compute the crown volume, crown diameter, total and crown height. Linear regression models were calculated to estimate walnut tree parameters from TLS data. Good results were obtained with values of R2 between 0.90 and 0.98. In addition, to analyze whether coarser point cloud densities might affect the results, the point clouds for all trees were subsampled using different point densities: points every 0.005 m, 0.01 m, 0.05 m, 0.1 m, 0.25 m, 0.5 m, 1 m, and 2 m. New regression models were calculated to estimate field parameters. For total height and crown volume good estimations were obtained from TLS parameters derived for all subsampled point cloud (0.005 m – 2 m).[ES] Juglans regiaL. (nogal) es un árbol de importancia económica por el fruto que proporciona y por su madera utilizada en la industria del mueble. El objetivo de este trabajo fue calcular modelos de regresión para estimar los pa-rámetros altura total, altura, diámetro y volumen de copa de nogales utilizando datos registrados mediante un escáner láser terrestre. Un conjunto de 30 árboles fueron escaneados y se aplicaron algoritmos para calcular los parámetros anteriores, que también se midieron en campo utilizando técnicas tradicionales. Se obtuvieron buenos resultados, con valores de R2 entre 0,90 y 0,98 para todos los parámetros. Además, para analizar la relación entre la densidad de puntos registrada y la precisión en la estimación de los parámetros de los nogales, las nubes de puntos de todos los árboles fueron sub-muestreadas utilizando diferentes distancias de separación entre puntos: 0,005 m, 0,01 m, 0,05 m, 0,1 m, 0,25 m, 0,5 m, 1 m y 2 m. Se calcularon nuevos modelos de regresión con los datos muestreados obteniéndose buenas estimaciones de los parámetros para todos los conjuntos de datos.The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the regional government of Spain (Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport Generalitat Valenciana) in the framework of the Project GV/2014/016.Estornell, J.; Velázquez-Martí, A.; Fernández-Sarría, A.; López-Cortés, I.; Martí-Gavilá, J.; Salazar, D. (2017). Estimation of structural attributes of walnut trees based on terrestrial laser scanning. Revista de Teledetección. (48):67-76. https://doi.org/10.4995/raet.2017.7429SWORD677648Belsley. D.A. 1991. Conditioning Diagnostics: Collinearity and Weak Data in Regression. John Wiley & Sons.Chianucci, F., Puletti, N., Giacomello, E., Cutini, A., & Corona, P. (2015). Estimation of leaf area index in isolated trees with digital photography and its application to urban forestry. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(2), 377-382. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.04.001Corona, P., Agrimi, M., Baffetta, F., Barbati, A., Chiriacò, M. V., Fattorini, L., … Mattioli, W. (2011). Extending large-scale forest inventories to assess urban forests. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(3), 1409-1422. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2050-6Fernández-Sarría, A., Martínez, L., Velázquez-Martí, B., Sajdak, M., Estornell, J., & Recio, J. A. (2013). Different methodologies for calculating crown volumes of Platanus hispanica trees using terrestrial laser scanner and a comparison with classical dendrometric measurements. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 90, 176-185. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2012.09.017Gil, E., Llorens, J., Llop, J., Fàbregas, X., & Gallart, M. (2013). Use of a Terrestrial LIDAR Sensor for Drift Detection in Vineyard Spraying. Sensors, 13(1), 516-534. doi:10.3390/s130100516Greaves, H. E., Vierling, L. A., Eitel, J. U. H., Boelman, N. T., Magney, T. S., Prager, C. M., & Griffin, K. L. (2015). Estimating aboveground biomass and leaf area of low-stature Arctic shrubs with terrestrial LiDAR. Remote Sensing of Environment, 164, 26-35. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.02.023Keightley, K. E., & Bawden, G. W. (2010). 3D volumetric modeling of grapevine biomass using Tripod LiDAR. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 74(2), 305-312. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2010.09.005Manes, F., Incerti, G., Salvatori, E., Vitale, M., Ricotta, C., & Costanza, R. (2012). Urban ecosystem services: tree diversity and stability of tropospheric ozone removal. Ecological Applications, 22(1), 349-360. doi:10.1890/11-0561.1MAAM. 2015. Encuesta sobre superficies y rendimientos cultivos (ASYRCE). Encuesta de marco de áreas de Espa-a. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente de Espa-a, 44 pp.Rosell, J. R., Llorens, J., Sanz, R., Arnó, J., Ribes-Dasi, M., Masip, J., … Palacín, J. (2009). Obtaining the three-dimensional structure of tree orchards from remote 2D terrestrial LIDAR scanning. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149(9), 1505-1515. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04.008Rosell Polo, J. R., Sanz, R., Llorens, J., Arnó, J., Escolà, A., Ribes-Dasi, M., … Palacín, J. (2009). A tractor-mounted scanning LIDAR for the non-destructive measurement of vegetative volume and surface area of tree-row plantations: A comparison with conventional destructive measurements. Biosystems Engineering, 102(2), 128-134. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2008.10.009Rosell, J. R., & Sanz, R. (2012). A review of methods and applications of the geometric characterization of tree crops in agricultural activities. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 81, 124-141. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2011.09.00

Estimating residual biomass of olive tree crops using terrestrial laser scanning

[EN] Agricultural residues have gained increasing interest as a source of renewable energy. The development of methods and techniques that allow to inventory residual biomass needs to be explored further. In this study, the residual biomass of olive trees was estimated based on parameters derived from using a Terrestrial Laser Scanning System (TLS). To this end, 32 olive trees in 2 orchards in the municipality of Viver, Central Eastern Spain, were selected and measured using a TLS system. The residual biomass of these trees was pruned and weighed. Several algorithms were applied to the TLS data to compute the main parameters of the trees: total height, crown height, crown diameter and crown volume. Regarding the last parameter, 4 methods were tested: the global convex hull volume, the convex hull by slice volume, the section volume, and the volume measured by voxels. In addition, several statistics were computed from the crown points for each tree. Regression models were calculated to predict residual biomass using 3 sets of potential explicative variables: firstly, the height statistics retrieved from 3D cloud data for each crown tree, secondly, the parameters of the trees derived from TLS data and finally, the combination of both sets of variables. Strong relationships between residual biomass and TLS parameters (crown volume parameters) were found (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 2.78 kg). The pruning biomass pre- diction fraction was improved by 6%, in terms of R2, when the variance of the crown-point elevations was selected (R2 = 0.92, RMSE = 2.01 kg). The study offers some important insights into the quantification of residual biomass, which is essential information for the production of biofuel.Fernández-Sarría, A.; López- Cortés, I.; Estornell Cremades, J.; Velázquez Martí, B.; Salazar Hernández, DM. (2019). Estimating residual biomass of olive tree crops using terrestrial laser scanning. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 75:163-170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.10.019S1631707

Genetic analysis for physical nut traits in almond

Peer ReviewedPublishe

Estimation of wood volume and height of olive tree plantations using airborne discrete-return LiDAR data

The aim of this study is to analyze methodologies based on airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology of low pulse density points (0.5m(-2)) for height and volume quantification of olive trees in Viver (Spain). A total of 29 circular plots, each with a radius of 20m, were sampled and their volumes and heights were obtained by dendrometric methods. For these estimations, several statistics derived from LiDAR data were calculated in each plot. Regression models were used to predict volume and height. The results showed good performance for estimating volume (R-2=0.70) and total height (R-2=0.67).The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Ministry for Science & Innovation) within the framework of the project AGL2010-15334 and by the Vice-Rectorate for Research of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [Grant PAID-06-12-3297; SP20120534].Estornell Cremades, J.; Velázquez Martí, B.; López Cortés, I.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Fernández-Sarría, A. (2014). Estimation of wood volume and height of olive tree plantations using airborne discrete-return LiDAR data. GIScience and Remote Sensing. 51(1):17-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2014.883209S1729511Estornell, J., Ruiz, L. A., Velázquez-Martí, B., & Fernández-Sarría, A. (2011). Estimation of shrub biomass by airborne LiDAR data in small forest stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 262(9), 1697-1703. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.07.026García, M., Riaño, D., Chuvieco, E., & Danson, F. M. (2010). Estimating biomass carbon stocks for a Mediterranean forest in central Spain using LiDAR height and intensity data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(4), 816-830. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.11.021Hyyppa, J., Kelle, O., Lehikoinen, M., & Inkinen, M. (2001). A segmentation-based method to retrieve stem volume estimates from 3-D tree height models produced by laser scanners. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39(5), 969-975. doi:10.1109/36.921414Kim, Y., Yang, Z., Cohen, W. B., Pflugmacher, D., Lauver, C. L., & Vankat, J. L. (2009). Distinguishing between live and dead standing tree biomass on the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park, USA using small-footprint lidar data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113(11), 2499-2510. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.07.010Moorthy, I., Miller, J. R., Berni, J. A. J., Zarco-Tejada, P., Hu, B., & Chen, J. (2011). Field characterization of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree crown architecture using terrestrial laser scanning data. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(2), 204-214. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.10.005Næsset, E. (2004). Accuracy of forest inventory using airborne laser scanning: evaluating the first nordic full-scale operational project. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 19(6), 554-557. doi:10.1080/02827580410019544Popescu, S. C. (2007). Estimating biomass of individual pine trees using airborne lidar. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(9), 646-655. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.06.022Popescu, S. C., Wynne, R. H., & Nelson, R. F. (2002). Estimating plot-level tree heights with lidar: local filtering with a canopy-height based variable window size. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 37(1-3), 71-95. doi:10.1016/s0168-1699(02)00121-7Velázquez-Martí, B., Estornell, J., López-Cortés, I., & Martí-Gavilá, J. (2012). Calculation of biomass volume of citrus trees from an adapted dendrometry. Biosystems Engineering, 112(4), 285-292. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.04.011Velázquez-Martí, B., Fernández-González, E., Estornell, J., & Ruiz, L. A. (2010). Dendrometric and dasometric analysis of the bushy biomass in Mediterranean forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(5), 875-882. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.027Velázquez-Martí, B., Fernández-González, E., López-Cortés, I., & Salazar-Hernández, D. M. (2011). Quantification of the residual biomass obtained from pruning of trees in Mediterranean olive groves. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(7), 3208-3217. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.042Yu, X., Hyyppä, J., Kaartinen, H., & Maltamo, M. (2004). Automatic detection of harvested trees and determination of forest growth using airborne laser scanning. Remote Sensing of Environment, 90(4), 451-462. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.00

Imaging leachate runoff from a landfill using magnetotellurics: The Garraf karst case

Electrical and active source electromagnetic geophysical methods have been traditionally employed to approach and tackle environmental problems, such as those caused by landfills. However, since these problems are more consequential and cover broader areas, it is necessary to use deeper penetration methods, such as magnetotellurics. In the Garraf Massif (Catalan Coastal Ranges, NE Spain), an urban waste disposal landfill had been in operation from 1974 to 2006, during which more than 26 million metric tons of garbage had been deposited. This landfill overlies karstic terrain, thus principally impacting groundwater circulation. Previous electrical resistivity tomography profiles had partially imaged the infill but were not able to penetrate below the base of the original landfill. During 2019 and 2020 we performed a magnetotelluric study over the landfill and its surrounding with the goals of characterizing the electrical resistivity of the infill and below it. The 2D and 3D resistivity models confirmed the highly conductive nature of the leachate and allowed us to identify its presence below the landfill base, which we quantified with maximum thicknesses of 90 m. This proved that landfill leachate had filtered through the original impermeable layer, enhanced by the karstic drainage structure

A simplified courtship conditioning protocol to test learning and memory in Drosophila

In Drosophila, a male that has previously been sexually rejected reduces its courtship behavior when confronted again with an unreceptive female. This reduced courting time reflects a memory formation process. Here, we describe a simplified protocol to perform the courtship conditioning assay for assessing the reduced courting time, using regular lab equipment and handmade tools. Every step of the procedure, from raising flies and training to testing and quantification of this memory-related behavior, can be implemented in any practice laboratory.We would like to thank Javier Gil Castillo for its invaluable help and advices in 3D printing. We also thank the flies from Bloomington Stock Center. We would like to thank BioRender (www.biorender.com) for the open-access platform used to create the graphical abstract. This work was supported by the Spanish Research Agency (Ministerio de Innovacion y Ciencia [MICINN]) under the grant PGC2018-094630-B-100 to F.A.M., cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to F.A.M. F.A.M. is a recipient of a RyC-2014-14961 contract. B.G.-M. is a recipient of a FPI-UAM predoctoral fellowship, grant number SFPI/2020/00878. C.G.B. is a recipient of a FPU predoctoral fellowship, grant number FPU19/04449 (MEFP). S.P.-F. is a recipient of a JAE intro fellowship, grant number JAEINT_21_02520 (CSIC)

Integrated seismic ambient noise, magnetotellurics and gravity data for the 2D interpretation of the Vallès basin structure in the geothermal system of La Garriga-Samalús (NE Spain)

The integration of geophysical methods, together with the previous information of the Vallès basin area, has resulted in the creation of a new conceptual model that explains La Garriga-Samalús geothermal system. The integration of complementary geophysical methods seems to be a good option for the preliminary stages of a geothermal system exploration, especially in urban areas. An integrated seismic ambient noise, magnetotellurics, and gravity methods were used to determine the geological units and structures which control the La Garriga-Samalús geothermal system. The 2D resistivity and density models have allowed the identification of the four main units which regulate the geothermal system: the Miocene basin, the Prelitoral Range unit, the Vallès Faut Zone, and the Paleozoic basement. The interpretation of our models set the Vallès Fault Zone, which is characterized by an anomalous low resistivity and low density, as the main path for the hot fluids. Moreover, the geophysical characterization established a new geometry for the Miocene basin. The Miocene basin presents a stepwise morphology, with the minor thickness towards the fault and an increasing thickness towards the center of the basin. This geometry seems to be related to synthetic normal faults. These results have evidenced that, although, in some geothermal systems, the warm water may create an insufficient physical contrast; the appropriate use of some techniques can still be useful for the exploration of medium and low-temperature geothermal systems

Structure of the mantle beneath the Alboran Basin from Magnetotelluric Soundings

We present results of marine MT acquisition in the Alboran sea that also incorporates previously acquired land MT from southern Spain into our analysis. The marine data show complex MT response functions with strong distortion due to seafloor topography and the coastline, but inclusion of high resolution topography and bathymetry and a seismically defined sediment unit into a 3‐D inversion model has allowed us to image the structure in the underlying mantle. The resulting resistivity model is broadly consistent with a geodynamic scenario that includes subduction of an eastward trending plate beneath Gibraltar, which plunges nearly vertically beneath the Alboran. Our model contains three primary features of interest: a resistive body beneath the central Alboran, which extends to a depth of ∼150 km. At this depth, the mantle resistivity decreases to values of ∼100 Ohm‐m, slightly higher than those seen in typical asthenosphere at the same depth. This transition suggests a change in slab properties with depth, perhaps reflecting a change in the nature of the seafloor subducted in the past. Two conductive features in our model suggest the presence of fluids released by the subducting slab or a small amount of partial melt in the upper mantle (or both). Of these, the one in the center of the Alboran basin, in the uppermost‐mantle (20-30 km depth) beneath Neogene volcanics and west of the termination of the Nekkor Fault, is consistent with geochemical models, which infer highly thinned lithosphere and shallow melting in order to explain the petrology of seafloor volcanics

The definition of the European Almond Core collection

The European project 068 AGRI GEN RES 870/2004 has as an aim the definition of the European almond core collection. The methodology for creation of any core collection has to define how best to select entries using complex and incomplete accession data, as well as how and when to revise these decisions over time. The acquisition of data has been based on specific varietal descriptors, including morphological, physiological, phytopathological, genetic and chemical traits, following the descriptors defined by IBPGR/Bioversity, UPOV and the ECP/GR Prunus Working Group. Newly defined traits, not included in these descriptors, have also been considered because they are very important in defining the range of variability of the species. These traits include chilling and heat requirements for blooming, the molecular markers for genotype identification and the different chemical components of the kernel, as possible parameters for defining almond quality. As a result, a strategy to define the almond core collection was identified by highlighting the main steps to achieve in the near future.Peer ReviewedPrunus amygdalus Batschcore collectiongenetic resourcesgermplasmPublishe